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An Interview with Luis Roberto Amador, José Jairo Giraldo, and Brenda Polo

BY LORIE HOUSE AND EMMALY WIEDERHOLT; TRANSLATED BY LORIE HOUSE

Para leer en español, ver más abajo.

Note: This interview was first published in Stance on Dance’s spring/summer 2022 print issue. To learn more, visit stanceondance.com/print-publication.

Dr. Luis Roberto Amador López is a neuroscientist, and Dr. José Jairo Giraldo Gallo is a theoretical physicist specializing in quantum physics. Both are professors at the National University of Colombia in Bogotá. Together with Brenda Polo, butoh choreographer, dancer, and director of Manusdea Antropología Escénica, they’ve begun a project called “Black Hole,” which, among other things, researches the effects butoh has on the brains and emotions of the dancers who practice it. The project will investigate the link between the practice of butoh and the dancers’ emotional capacity to overcome adverse circumstances. According to Brenda, these adverse circumstances can be seen metaphorically as emotional black holes, which swallow everything, including a person’s vital energy and creativity, at emotional, biological and physical levels. The choreography and performances will explore these emotional black holes, and Drs. Amador and Giraldo will study and document the process.

In Colombia, for more than half a century, civil war and armed conflicts have taken their toll on the people. In 2019, there was a massive outbreak of violence when people went into the streets to protest political and social repression. These historic protests encountered extreme brutality on the part of the police—beatings, murders, and sexual violence—as documented by many human rights groups. The conflicts continued in 2020, when the pandemic and increases in taxes on families worsened problems that were already serious. For Brenda and her team, it’s urgent to confront this history, and explore how to change the effects of this continuing violence on people, at emotional, personal, and social levels. For these reasons, the metaphor of the “black hole” is very appropriate.

In this conversation, Brenda, Dr. Amador and Dr. Giraldo share their goals and expectations for the project, and how their investigations are progressing.

Several blurry dancers writhe on the floor with what appear to be strings connecting them.

Photo by Ernesto Monsalve of the ButohLab process

~~

Brenda, can you tell us a little bit about your dance history, and the history of Manusdea Antropología Escénica?

Brenda: I have to go back to my childhood in Cali. When I was about three or four years old, my father used to have me stand on his shoes, and in this way we’d dance together—my feet on his shoes. We did this at family parties, where everyone got up to dance. So I think he initiated me into dance.

Cali is a city where dance is very important, especially salsa. When I grew older, my father gave me more precise and technical instructions, like: “Don’t lower your head when you’re dancing with your partner, don’t forget your posture, your shoulders, the look, the determination in every movement,” etc.

This initiation gave me my love of dance. I’m mulatta[1], my ancestors were Afro-descendents. For us, music is in our veins, in our hearts. The drum is there! This was something fundamental in my life, in my family. My parents, for example, were a sensation on the dance floor. Maybe I was conceived on the dance floor!

I also have to go back to these ancestral memories to talk about how we started Manusdea. When my brother and I were little, my father used to sing a song to us every morning, to get us out of bed. The song is over 100 years old, and goes like this:

Levántate, Manusdea,

En los brazos de Roldan,

Que ahí viene el chichirichote

Envuelto en el alcomprán.

Y si no te levantas

Te va llevar el tabinkuntan, el tabinkuntan.”

While he sang, my father took us by the feet and got us up out of bed.

“Manusdea” is Latin, and means “hands of god.” But I like to translate it as “hands of goddess.”

Later, my brother and I founded Manusdea, which is a non-profit organization, with the mission of conserving traditions from our cultural patrimony—both material and immaterial. When my father found out we’d named our organization “Manusdea,” he was like a peacock! He’s very proud of it.

Of course, there’s a big difference between salsa and butoh, but one connection I can make is the idea of music and silence. In butoh, we use a lot of silence: both interior silence and the silence you can create in a space. Master Ko[2] used to say, “Cut the space with your silence.” Silence can create a lot of tension in the audience because people are accustomed to dance with music. When there’s no music, that generates some nervousness. For the dancer, silence is very important. I think that’s where one connects with one’s emotions, and with empathy. And then one can connect to the sensations and emotions of the audience more easily.

Where did the idea for “Black Hole” come from?

Brenda: “Black Hole” came from my own deep necessity to recognize my pain, and our pain, here in Colombia. We live in a country that has said “no” to peace. For me, that’s one of the reasons we don’t progress as a nation. We’ve had more than a half century of internal armed conflict. I don’t want to bury us in macabre stories, but I will say that 2019-2020 have been historic for us in terms of violence. In 2019, due to a deep dissatisfaction with the social, political, and cultural situation in this country—the massacres, the violence, the disappearances, hunger, the lack of opportunity and education—people took to the streets in a series of protests. Then in 2020, we got hit with the pandemic, and that was the last straw. In places where the economic and social situation was already bad, many things fell apart, many things worsened. The idea for “Black Hole” came from this history.

In 2019, I received a grant to do an artistic residency in New York, to create this work. Dr. Amador, Dr. Giraldo, and I were already working together at that point; we’d known each other since 2014. We had in common a concern for the ways art and science inform each other, and we started to dialogue about that. This year (2022) we’re doing a series of talks for dancers, in which we’ll explore how we can work with our frustration, discontent, emotions, and this profound pain, which, for some, is much worse than for others.

Dr. Giraldo: The black hole is a concept from astrophysics. The black hole swallows everything, matter and energy. It doesn’t let anything leave. When Brenda proposed the idea of the black hole, I thought it was a good analogy for the situation here in Colombia. In this era, the “anthropocene”[3], there are crises everywhere, all over the world, provoked in large part by capitalism, or by exploitation, no matter the political system. One of the results has been the deterioration of the environment.

Remember that butoh began just after the Second World War, in part as a response to the destruction of that war—especially the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with their terrible, destructive consequences for civilization and nature. Now, even though we don’t have a global war, things are worse. There are conflicts everywhere. We’ve put ourselves against nature, against humanity. This destruction is like a black hole. That term is very important because it makes us aware.

We can also think about the concepts of “dark energy” and “dark matter.” These ideas complement the idea of the black hole. For example, a black hole is a star with a billion times the mass of the sun. Dark matter has a gravitational attraction, and constitutes almost 25 percent of the universe, while dark energy constitutes about 69 percent of the universe. What this means is that we know about 5 percent of the universe. The rest is unknown. We’re in almost complete darkness about most of the universe. The idea of the unknown also coincides with the idea of the black hole.

Dr. Amador: We can also interpret this from a neuroscientific point of view. First, the world is changing, all our values are in play. With the advances in neuroscience, we now know that our brain has nets in the medial and lateral parts. The lateral parts have to do with the construction of the outer world, the medial part with the construction of the internal world—the consciousness. Today, we know that our thoughts aren’t constructed with words, but with actions, with “corporality,” which is a social organ which permits us to interact with our surroundings. The challenge, for example, in an analysis of salsa and butoh, is that we’re in totally different brains!

In butoh, the dancer, through the choreography, through the technique, almost separates herself from her surroundings, to go within. The change can be seen at electrophysiological levels. In butoh there are less movements, less music, less clothing than in salsa. Neuroscience has studied ballet and capoeira, for example, but there aren’t many studies on butoh. So this project is an excellent opportunity: bringing together knowledge of physics and of neuroscience with Brenda’s choreography, and deepening our knowledge with the means and techniques of electrophysiology. It’s certainly worth it!

I think that, in order to understand some of this, we have to have a completely different philosophical concept than what we had in the past century. Classic philosophy doesn’t explain what it is to be human—with a human body and corporeality, although we can converse with the philosophy of people like Charles Pierce, who worked with ideas such as pragmatism and constructivism. So what’s been happening for the past 22 years in academia is that we’ve started having conversations between social sciences and natural sciences. One problem has been that the different branches of social or “human” sciences haven’t even been talking to each other, let alone with the natural sciences. But with what we’ve learned about neuroscience in the past 30 years, from people like Vittorio Gallese and Giacomo Rizzolati (who discovered and worked with mirror neurons) and the philosophy of phenomenology, we can understand each other—we can understand sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists. All of us can dialogue about corporality, and even maybe understand what we call “spirituality.”

In other words, neuroscience is a bridge of understanding between human or social sciences and natural sciences. You could say it’s a bridge between the “hard” and “soft” sciences. It’s given an impulse to all these different forms of knowledge, which may have lagged behind. Today for example we don’t talk about anthropology so much as neuroanthropology![4]

We have to make a turn, in designing studies, with a greater objective of understanding the human being. For example, in Eastern understanding, the body is the most important, and everything revolves around it. But in Western thought, the body is a sin, or you don’t talk about it. In medicine it’s a cadaver to dissect. But corporality is the experiential and vital part of every human. And every time we learn something, the brain itself changes. That’s the basis of epigenetics[5]. The genes don’t change, what changes is the experience; our memory of our surroundings, our learning, and this is how we evolve.

We can understand the concept of “corporeality”[6] as part of all the performative acts. For example, when I move my hands to emphasize what I’m saying, I’m trying to communicate something. Of course I’m doing it with my voice, too. But the best representation of this is the dance. Art is a way of expressing thought, and when we do it with emotion—that’s called “aesthetics.” But the aesthetic is also the everyday. It’s that easy. We’ve complicated it, especially since Kant, but it’s simple. Today, we’re starting to understand the importance of the human being in the arts, architecture, and the sciences. Architects create spaces for humans, so they have to begin with the idea of what is human. Anthropologists too. Everyone.

Aesthetics is the aesthetics of the everyday. In part affect, affection, experience, it’s what allows us to construct and understand reality. This is why art is so important. Dancers work with corporality, and increase their consciousness through this corporal experience. In fact dance is the art that helps us understand not only the sciences in play here, but all the other arts. You can say that all arts are choreography, are a type of “staging.” To paint is to create or perform choreography, but you do it with a paintbrush in your hand. Every time we make gestures or movements, we’re creating choreography. We’re used to separating the arts between the “spacial” (like painting or sculpture), and the “temporal” (like music and dance). But in reality they’re not so separate.

Dr. Giraldo: The idea of corporality is very important, because we used to separate the concept of the mind from the concept of the body. But they’re not separate.

Quantum physics is very different from classical physics. It’s not mechanistic, it’s not deterministic. It’s the physics of the elemental particles, of which we are made. If we think of the implications of that for the mind—it’s been said that neural processes are quantum phenomena. The synapses aren’t like cables, the nerves aren’t like copper wire, for example. They have more to do with information. Dark energy is a quantum phenomenon, and maybe there’s something similar in neuroscience. I call it “neuronal dark energy.” This idea helps us with this project. This energy connects the body with consciousness and with everything around.

There’s a concept in physics that’s very important, and that is: “quantum entanglement.” I’m not going to give you a detailed definition, but basically it means that everything is connected. We aren’t separate entities. I’m not talking about empathy or spirituality, exactly, I’m talking about physics and biology. Every living being comes from the same process of millions of years of evolution. We’re part of the universe.

A person sits in a gushing stream with only their head and their legs and feet out of the water.

Photo by Ernesto Monsalve of the ButohLab process

We can’t forget dark energy and dark matter. We don’t know how to see those things. We don’t have any idea of what they are. It’s the same with neuronal dark energy. Neurons aren’t just atoms or molecules. We don’t really have a good way of understanding these things.

Dr. Amador: It’s not easy to understand. But we can say that the subjective is the objective and vice versa. That completely changes our way of thinking.

Dr. Giraldo: Yes. I’m not separate from the object I perceive.

Brenda, can you give us a summary of the third stage of the project up to now?

Brenda: The third stage is interdisciplinary, and there are two key components: research and creation. We started the research aspect, and up until about June 2022, we’ll engage in a process of exploration to create a performance, which we’ll show in unconventional spaces in Bogotá.

On February 25, 2022, we, Drs. Amador and Giraldo and I, began the public talks that opened this workshop (seedbed), “Butoh, Neuroscience and Somatics,” which is now ongoing. At that first talk we were able to get responses from the audience, who showed up despite an incredible downpour! We thought no one would come, but people came. They had a lot of questions, which will be very important to resolve. This workshop on Scenic Laboratories is a space where we can find the responses to these questions, which are inside us, not outside.

Right now, we’re making alliances, and engaging in negotiations in order to finance this project, which will result in the performances in unconventional spaces. The research side of the project will use the technologies of diadems and electroencephalograms, with which we hope to generate specific results for scientific studies.

With respect to the creative aspect, the performances will be developed based on an interior search of memories, revealing how our emotions impact us, and making visible what, for us, has been invisible up to now. We’ll dialogue with the public on these themes.

Dr. Amador and Dr. Giraldo, how did you get involved in this project?

Dr. Amador: I got involved because I was interested in the research into how, for example, butoh can help people manage negative emotions through its physical qualities. Also, I’m interested in how this can help expand the umbrella of butoh, without losing its essence.

We’re in the 21st century, and butoh was born after Hiroshima. The world has changed, but what has continued, and is now even more urgent, is how we can face these consequences, of war or armed conflicts, etc. How can we work with these enormous challenges? It’s worth it to think about investigating positive emotions, to help people cope, to help lessen the panic. It’s necessary to think about how butoh can help with this challenge, which is what Brenda has proposed.

On the other side, it’s important to think about how this project will enrich our scientific knowledge—for me as a neuroscientist and for Dr. Giraldo as a physicist. And also the knowledge of every single one of the participants in the workshop, because there are people from many different professions—it’s interdisciplinary in this sense too. Out of this, maybe there will come a butoh that doesn’t even have a name yet.

Dr. Giraldo: I got involved in the project because I have a foundation dedicated to developing the talent and creativity of children from vulnerable populations. Their cultural surroundings aren’t favorable for this. They’re very smart, because they need to survive, but they also have the capacity to develop their imaginations and creativity. For me, it’s very interesting to think about what happens in their brains during this process. This interest pushed me to connect with Brenda and Roberto.

In physics, it’s not very common to think about the brain, unless you’re talking about neurophysics. But my work with the foundation has given me this interest. Art is very important for creativity. So the project “Black Hole” gives me the opportunity to work with Roberto and Brenda on these aspects. That was my original motivation for joining the project—to explore different ideas and methods of inquiry into creativity and talent. The project is interdisciplinary—we can say we have a quantum entanglement going. And, finally, us physicists are interested in everything. Neurons, cells, everything is physics! Of course not everyone has to be a physicist. But in the universe, everything is physics.

In the foundation, we want to study what happens with the children when they are working on their projects. We want to know what happens in their brains during different activities. But up to now it hasn’t been possible, because we don’t have the right tools. Now, with the “Black Hole” project, we will have the opportunity to see what happens in the brain while the dancers are working on the choreography.

What is the relationship between the science and the choreography?

Brenda: Dance and science have an intrinsic relationship. Art and science are two branches of the same tree. Dance has its science, and science has its art. In this project, we’re going to use technical tools and methods, because we want to make the invisible visible. That’s a quality of art in any case! So the waves from the electroencephalograms will be projected, so that the public can see what they don’t usually see. The dance, choreography, and narrative will investigate this and show the results.

In this way, the dance will be the subject of a scientific investigation. We’ll observe and make inquiries into particular butoh scores, and how these postures resonate in the body and brain. The specialists will interpret the results so we can understand them, because the electroencephalograms are a serious tool! There’s mathematics to it and a way of understanding it that we’ll need to know so we can evaluate.

Science is also coming closer to dance in order to better understand what’s going on with the body, the mind, and the emotions that people can experience. Trained dancers reach a state of concentration in body and mind, and that can give us information which can be evaluated in order to obtain a wider, deeper understanding of the corporality of the human being.

Dr. Amador: Artists of the past century were the best neuroscientists! From works of visual art, we understand how the visual field is constructed, from dance, we understand how space is constructed. So, as Brenda says, science enriches the arts and the arts enrich the natural sciences.

Has the most recent outbreak of violence in Colombia changed the trajectory of the project?

Dr. Giraldo: Violence in Colombia is nothing new. If we count what happened with the Massacre of the Bananeras in 1929, and the conflicts during the 19th century, we can say that Colombia has suffered violence since its independence.

So, on the one hand, Colombians have been “stigmatized.” And on the other, there are sectors which have always suffered the consequences of violence more intensely. Of course this has had repercussions in people’s behavior.

From this perspective, we have to recover our sensitivity. We in the academy can’t keep ourselves at the margins, we have to get involved, or at the least say something. We have to let people know that we aren’t insensitive to what’s happening.

For example, maybe a scientist in the US, or in other countries, can forget about what’s happening in the world, because the only thing that matters is academic production. But, here, we can’t remain uninterested in what’s happening in our country. We have to connect with the people involved, who are part of the public.

Brenda: The violence that has been wreaked on our bodies is one of the things that got me interested in butoh, because butoh came out of a postwar context. I’ve been investigating this theme for almost a decade.

Rather than changing the trajectory of the project, the most recent violence has suggested to us that we’re on the right track. It has affirmed the importance of this research and creation, because it’s important, fundamental, to be able to transform aggression, and, above all, transform the crises that these outbreaks generate in individuals, in all Colombians.

The project proposes that any person, at any level of education or culture, can understand that peace isn’t just a governmental issue or an issue of politics. Peace is something we must build between all of us. And not only build it, but lead it, and maintain it.

What are your expectations for the project? What do you hope the public takes from these performances?

Brenda: For me, works of art are like children—it’s better not to have many expectations, because you have to let them be!

But basically, we want to facilitate an interdisciplinary dialogue between art and science, with which we can generate some knowledge about butoh. We want to develop a text of reflections, findings, and difficulties of the research. In this way, we can open the door to others who may be interested in these findings. Of course, the main objective is to create and perform a work for the general public, to generate empathy and hear how they receive this performance, how it impacts them.

Dr. Amador: From the point of view of studying the electrophysiological effects of butoh, maybe we should have a “control,” like salsa or some other dance, to see the difference. This could be part of the third stage, in order to design more electrophysiological studies.

Dr. Giraldo: I have a lot of expectations, besides those that Brenda mentioned. On the one hand, I want to see what’s happening in these kids’ brains when they’re doing a physical activity, or when they’re just thinking, or when they’re dancing. This will tell us a lot about the “feeling/thinking” being, who’s not just emotional and not just thought. They aren’t separated. The brain is one thing, not many.

So I have big expectations. I think this will serve to push us to think about the education we need to give to kids. Up until now we’ve been very wrong, particularly in Colombia, where we don’t generally pay attention to these things. In the end, this investigation will be of great interest to educators, in the generations to come, to make a better world.

A naked person sits in a gushing stream with thei eyes closed and mouth open.

Photo by Ernesto Monsalve of the ButohLab process

To learn more about Manusdea Antropología Escénica, visit www.manusdea.org.

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[1] Mixed race—black and white.

[2] Ko Murobushi was an internationally renowned Japanese butoh dancer and teacher.

[3] The concept of the “anthropocene” (from the Greek “anthropos”, which means human, and “kainos” which means new) was popularized in the year 2000 by Dutch chemist and Nobel prize winner (in 1995) Paul Crutzen, to designate a new geological era characterized by the impact of humans on the earth.

[4] Neuroanthropology is the study of culture and the brain. This field explores how new discoveries in brain science help us to understand the interactive effects of culture and biology in human development and behavior.

[5] Epigenetics is the field of biology that studies non-genetic factors that influence the development of the embryo; modifications of DNA that don’t change the DNA sequence can still affect genetic activity and chemical components that gather in individual genes, which can regulate their activity. These modifications are known as epigenetic changes.

[6] Corporeality signifies the totality of the human: the physical body, emotional body, mental, transcendent, cultural, magic, and unconscious bodies. These bodies make us humans and differentiate us from other living creatures.

~~~~

La Danza Butoh y la Neurociencia

Entrevista con Luis Roberto Amador, José Jairo Giraldo, y Brenda Polo

DE LORIE HOUSE Y EMMALY WIEDERHOLT; TRADUCIDO POR LORIE HOUSE

Dr. Luis Roberto Amador López es neurocientífico, y Dr. José Jairo Giraldo Gallo es físico teórico, especialista en la física cuántica. Ambos son profesores en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en Bogotá. Juntos con Brenda Polo, bailarina y coreógrafa de butoh, y directora de la organización Manusdea Antropología Escénica, han empezado un proyecto que se llama “Agujero Negro,” con el propósito de investigar los efectos de la danza butoh en el cerebro y las emociones de los bailarines y practicantes. El proyecto investigará, entre otras cosas, los vínculos entre la práctica del butoh y las capacidades emocionales de la gente para superar las condiciones y circunstancias adversas. Según Brenda, se puede comparar a modo de metáfora estas situaciones como agujeros negros emocionales—cosas que tragan todo, incluso la energía vital y creativa de una persona, a niveles biológicos, psicológicos y sociales. La coreografía y los performances investigarán la naturaleza de este agujero negro metafórico. Los Dres. Amador y Giraldo participan con estudios científicos y documentación del proceso.

Por más de medio siglo en Colombia, los conflictos armados y la guerra civil han azotado a la gente. En el año 2019 empezó un brote de violencia masivo, cuando el pueblo salió a las calles para protestar por la represión política y social, estas protestas históricas fueron de una violencia  marcada—palizas, asaltos, matanzas y violencia sexual de parte de la policía, como fue documentado por grupos de derechos humanos. Los conflictos continuaron en el 2020, cuando la pandemia y las alzas a los impuestos de la canasta familiar por parte del gobierno empeoraron problemas ya graves. Para Brenda y su equipo, es urgente afrontar y explorar cómo cambiar los efectos de la violencia a niveles emocionales y personales, además de sociales. Por eso la metáfora del agujero negro es muy apropiada.

En esta conversación, Brenda, el Dr. Amador y el Dr. Giraldo comparten los propósitos del “Agujero Negro”, y nos cuentan como progresan sus investigaciones, sus expectativas del proyecto.

A black etching with a yellow black hole.

Photo by Brenda Polo from the laboratory process, Butoh, Neuroscience and Somatics,
and Project Designs for Mapping made by Lina Pulido Barragán and Andrés Sandoval Quimbayo

~~

Brenda, por favor, podría contarnos un poco sobre su propia historia como bailarina, y sobre la historia de Manusdea Antropología Escénica?

Brenda: Tengo que recordar mis años de infancia cuando yo vivía en Cali. Cuando yo tenía como tres o cuatro años, mi padre me sacaba a bailar. Me hacía subir en sus zapatos, y, parada allí, yo bailaba con él. Hacíamos esto generalmente en las fiestas de familia, en donde siempre disfrutábamos bailar juntos. Por eso, creo que él me inició en la danza.

Cali es una ciudad en donde el baile tiene mucha fuerza, especialmente la salsa. Cuando crecí mi padre me daba instrucciones muy técnicas sobre el baile, como: “No agaches la cabeza cuando estás bailando con la pareja, no olvides la postura, los hombros, la mirada, la determinación en los movimientos,” etc.

Creo que esta iniciación con mi padre me dio el gusto por la danza, yo soy mulata[1], mis ancestros eran afrodescendientes. Para nosotros, la música está en las venas, está en el corazón. ¡El tambor está allí! Es algo fundamental en mi vida, en mi familia. También, supe que mis padres, al bailar, eran una sensación en la pista, y ¡tal vez me concibieron bailando!

Para hablar de cómo nació Manusdea, también vuelvo a estas memorias ancestrales. Mi padre solía cantar una canción a mi hermano y a mí para levantarnos todos los días, la cual tiene más de cien años y que decía:

Levántate, Manusdea,

En los brazos de Roldan,

Que ahí viene el chichirichote

Envuelto en el alcomprán.

Y si no te levantas

Te va llevar el tabinkuntan, el tabinkuntan.”

Y mientras cantaba, nos tomaba por los pies y nos sacaba de la cama. “Manusdea” viene del latín (manus dei), y significa “manos de dios.” Pero me gusta traducirlo como (manos de diosa)

Más adelante, mi hermano y yo fundamos esta asociación: “Manusdea,” que es una organización sin ánimo de lucro, con la misión de conservar las tradiciones que tenemos del patrimonio cultural inmaterial y material. ¡Cuando mi padre vio que habíamos formado esta organización con ese nombre, era como pavo real! Tiene mucho orgullo.

Por supuesto, hay una gran diferencia entre la salsa y el butoh, pero lo que yo puedo conectar es la idea de la música y el silencio. El butoh parte de mucho silencio: el silencio interior y el silencio que se puede hacer en un espacio. El maestro Ko[2] solía decir: “corta el espacio con tu silencio.” El silencio crea mucha tensión en el espectador. Se acostumbra a pensar en la danza siempre con música, y, al no tenerla, le genera mucha perturbación. Para el bailarín, el silencio es muy importante. Creo que es donde uno conecta con las emociones, y con la empatía. Y así, se puede también interconectar con las sensaciones del público con más facilidad.

¿Y, la idea de hacer la obra “Agujero Negro,” de dónde surgió?

Brenda: El “Agujero Negro” surge de la profunda necesidad de reconocer mi dolor, y nuestro dolor, aquí en Colombia. Vivimos en un país que le dijo “no” a la paz. Para mí, esta es una de las razones por las cuales no progresamos como nación. Colombia lleva más de medio siglo en el conflicto armado interno. Para no hundirnos en una historia macabra, solo voy a decir que los años 2019-2020 han sido históricos para este pueblo sin memoria. En el 2019, se llevaron a cabo una serie de manifestaciones detonadas por una profunda insatisfacción por la situación social, política, cultural; por las masacres, la violencia, las desapariciones, el hambre, la falta de oportunidad y educación. Y entonces, en el año 2020, nos azota una pandemia, y fue el colmo. En una situación ya muy grave, se rompieron muchas cosas, especialmente en áreas donde los problemas aún son profundos, de allí surge esta idea del “Agujero Negro”.

En el año 2019 gané una beca de residencia artística para ir a New York y crear esta obra. Para esa fecha ya estábamos trabajando conjuntamente con el Dr. Amador y Dr. Giraldo. Nosotros nos conocemos desde el año 2014. Tenemos en común esta inquietud por el arte y la ciencia, y empezamos a dialogar. Para este año 2022, iniciamos una serie de conversatorios dirigido a los bailarines, con el propósito de que puedan manifestar esta frustración y descontento, trabajar las emociones y este dolor profundo, que para unos es muchísimo peor que para otros.

Dr. Giraldo: El agujero negro es un concepto de la astrofísica. El agujero negro se traga todo, materia y energía, sin dejarlas salir de su interior. Cuando Brenda propuso la idea del agujero negro, pensé en esa analogía como buena representación de la situación aquí en Colombia. En nuestra época, el antropoceno[3], todo está atravesado por crisis en todo el mundo, ocasionadas en gran parte por el capitalismo o cualquier otro tipo de explotación, no importa el sistema político. Uno de los resultados ha sido el deterioro del medio ambiente.

Recordemos que el butoh empezó después de la segunda guerra mundial, en parte como respuesta a las consecuencias y la destrucción terrible de esta guerra. Y sobre todo de las bombas atómicas en Hiroshima y Nagasaki y sus consecuencias destructivas para la civilización y la naturaleza. Ahora, es peor. No tenemos una guerra global, pero hay conflictos por todos lados. Nos hemos puesto en contra de la naturaleza, en contra de la humanidad. Así que esta destrucción es como un agujero negro. Utilizar este tema es muy apropiado para tomar conciencia.

Por otro lado, se puede pensar también en “la energía oscura,” y “la materia oscura.” Estas ideas complementan la idea del agujero negro. Por ejemplo: un agujero negro es una estrella con mil millones de veces la masa del sol. La materia oscura tiene una atracción gravitacional, y constituye casi 25% del universo, mientras la energía oscura constituye aproximadamente el 69% del universo. Y eso significa que solo conocemos el 5% del universo. El resto es desconocido. Estamos en una oscuridad casi total sobre la mayoría del universo. La idea de lo desconocido coincide también con la idea del agujero negro.

Dr. Amador: Se puede también interpretar esto desde el punto de vista de la neurociencia. En primer lugar, el mundo está desplazándose—es decir que todos los valores ya están en juego. Y por los avances de la neurociencia, sabemos ahora que nuestro cerebro tiene unas redes en su parte medial y una parte lateral. La parte lateral tiene que ver con la construcción del mundo exterior, y la parte medial tiene que ver con la construcción del mundo interior—la autoconciencia. Hoy en día sabemos que los pensamientos no se construyen con las palabras, se construye con acciones—con la “corporeidad,” que es un órgano social que nos permite interactuar con el entorno. El reto, por ejemplo, el análisis entre la salsa y el butoh, es que ¡estamos en cerebros totalmente diferentes!

En el butoh, el bailarín por medio de la danza, de su coreografía, casi se separa del entorno, para ensimismarse, esto podría manifestarse a niveles electrofisiológicos. En el butoh, por supuesto, hay menos movimientos, menos música, menos ropa que por ejemplo en la salsa. En la neurociencia se ha estudiado el ballet, la capoeira, pero no hay muchos estudios sobre el butoh. Por eso, esta es una excelente oportunidad: juntando el conocimiento de la física, la neurociencia, con la coreografía de Brenda, intentar profundizar en su conocimiento, usando los medios y la tecnología de la electrofisiología, por cierto, ¡vale la pena!

Creo que, para entender este propósito, necesitamos tener un concepto filosófico totalmente diferente de lo que venía construyéndose en el siglo pasado. La filosofía clásica no nos explica cómo es el ser humano, el cuerpo humano y la corporalidad. Mientras que la filosofía de gentes como Charles Pierce, quien trabajaba con ideas como el pragmatismo o el constructivismo, nos ponemos a conversar con estas ideas. Entonces, lo que venimos haciendo por 22 años en la academia, es poner a conversar las ciencias sociales con las ciencias naturales. El problema es que, en las ciencias humanas, las ramas no conversan las unas con las otras, y tampoco conversan con las ciencias naturales. Pero, con el conocimiento que hemos aprendido de la neurociencia en los últimos 30 años, por ejemplo, de gente como Vittorio Gallese y Giacomo Rizzolati (con su trabajo al descubrir las neuronas espejo) y la fenomenología desde los filosófico, podemos entendernos los sociólogos, los psicólogos, los antropólogos, y todos podemos conversar alrededor de la corporeidad e incluso tal vez entender lo que llamamos “la espiritualidad.”

En otras palabras, la neurociencia es un puente para entender ambas cosas: las ciencias humanas o sociales, y las ciencias naturales. O se puede decir que es un puente entre las ciencias “duras” y las ciencias “blandas.” Y nos ha dado un impulso en el que todo el mundo se queda atrás. ¡Hoy en día no hablamos de “antropología” sino “neuroantropología!”[4]

Tenemos que hacer un giro, en todos los planes de estudio, con el objetivo de entender el ser humano. Por ejemplo: para el entendimiento oriental, lo más importante es el cuerpo, y todo gira alrededor de eso. Mientras tanto, en el occidente, el cuerpo o es pecado o no se habla de esto. Y en la medicina, el cuerpo es un cadáver para disecar. Pero la corporeidad es la parte experiencial y vivencial de cada ser humano. Y cada vez que aprendemos algo, el cerebro cambia. Este es la base por la epigenética[5]. Los genes no cambian, lo que cambia es lo experiencial, nuestra memoria a partir del entorno, el aprendizaje, y nos hacen evolucionar.

Este concepto de la “corporeidad”[6] se entiende con todo lo performativo. Por ejemplo, cuando muevo las manos para dar significativo a lo que estoy diciendo, estoy tratando de comunicarme. Por supuesto también lo hago con la voz. Pero la mejor representación de esto se hace bailando. El arte es la forma de expresar el pensamiento. Y cuando ese pensamiento lo hacemos con sentimiento, se llama “estética.” La estética es la cotidianidad. Es así de fácil. Lo hemos complicado, desde Kant, pero es sencillo. Hoy en día, estamos entendiendo la importancia del ser humano en las artes, la arquitectura, las ciencias. Los arquitectos, crean grandes espacios para los humanos, tienen que comenzar con la idea del ser humano. Y los antropólogos también. Todos.

La estética es la estética de la cotidianidad. Hace parte del afecto, de lo vivencial, lo experiencial, lo que nos permite construir y comprender la realidad. Por eso las artes son tan importantes. Los bailarines están trabajando con la corporalidad, y aumentando la conciencia por medio de esa experiencia corporal. La danza es, de hecho, el arte que puede ayudarnos a entender no solo las ciencias en juego aquí, sino todas las artes. Se puede decir que todas las artes son coreografía, son una puesta en escena. Hacer pintura es hacer coreografía, pero lo hace con pincel en la mano. Cada vez que hacemos gestos y movimientos, estamos haciendo una forma de coreografía. El problema es que antes, hemos separado las artes entre las “espaciales” (como la pintura o la escultura) y las “temporales” (como la música y la danza). Pero, de hecho, no están tan separadas.

Dr. Giraldo: La idea de la corporalidad es muy importante, porque solíamos separar el concepto de la mente, del concepto del cuerpo. Pero no son separados.

La física cuántica es muy diferente de la física clásica. No es mecanicista, no es determinista. Es la física de las partículas elementales, de las que estamos hechos. Pensando en las implicaciones de esto para la mente—se ha dicho que los procesos neurales son fenómenos cuánticos. Las sinapsis no son como cables, los nervios no son como alambre de cobre, por ejemplo. Tienen más que ver con la información. Y la energía oscura es un fenómeno cuántico. Tal vez hay algo similar en la neurociencia. Yo le llamo la “energía oscura neuronal.” Esta idea nos ayuda con este proyecto. Esta energía conecta el cuerpo a la conciencia y a todo lo demás.

Hay un concepto en la física que es muy importante, que es: “entrelazamiento cuántico.” No voy a darles una definición detallada, pero básicamente significa que todo está conectado. No somos entidades separadas. No estoy hablando de la empatía o la espiritualidad, precisamente. Estamos hablando de la física y la biología. Todos los seres vivientes vienen del mismo proceso de miles de millones de años de evolución. Somos parte del universo.

Photo by Brenda Polo from the laboratory process, Butoh, Neuroscience and Somatics,
and Project Designs for Mapping made by Lina Pulido Barragán and Andrés Sandoval Quimbayo

No podemos olvidar la energía oscura, y la materia oscura. No sabemos cómo verlas. No tenemos ninguna idea de lo que son. Igual ocurre con la energía oscura neuronal. Las neuronas no son solo átomos o moléculas. No tenemos una manera adecuada para entenderla por ahora.

Dr. Amador: No es fácil entender, pero se puede decir que lo subjetivo es objetivo y lo objetivo es subjetivo.  Eso cambia totalmente la forma de pensar.

Dr. Giraldo: Si. Yo no estoy separado del objeto que percibo.

¿Brenda, podría darnos un resumen de la tercera etapa del proyecto hasta ahora?

Brenda: Voy a resumirte, la tercera etapa es de carácter interdisciplinario y tiene dos componentes claves (investigación-creación). En este momento abrimos la investigación, y, hasta junio aproximadamente, haremos un proceso de búsqueda y exploración para crear un performance, con el cual vamos a intervenir espacios no convencionales de la ciudad de Bogotá.

El pasado 25 de febrero (2022), inauguramos con el Dr. José Jairo Giraldo y el Dr. Roberto Amador el conversatorio que dio apertura a este semillero de Butoh, Neurociencia y Somática que ya está en curso, del cual pudimos ver la respuesta del público que asistió ¡en medio de un aguacero increíble! Pensamos que nadie iba a asistir, pero la gente se movilizó y llegó.  Con muchas preguntas que tienen muy puntuales para resolver. El semillero de laboratorios escénicos es un espacio que se brinda para encontrar esas respuestas que están adentro, y no afuera.

En este momento nos encontramos haciendo alianzas, haciendo gestiones, para poder financiar este proyecto, que tiene como resultado unos performances en espacios no convencionales. En cuanto a la investigación, nos proponemos utilizar una tecnología de diademas de electroencefalogramas con los cuales esperamos tener resultados específicos a nivel del estudio científico.

Respecto a lo creativo desarrollaremos un performance construido a partir de memorias de la búsqueda interior para revelar cómo impactan las emociones, el sentimiento, en nuestro entorno haciendo visible lo que, para nosotros, es invisible. Nos proponemos dialogar con el público sobre estos temas.

¿Dr. Roberto Amador y Dr. José Jairo Giraldo, cómo se involucraron en este proyecto?

Dr. Amador: Me involucré porque uno de los intereses del proyecto en parte es investigar, por ejemplo, cómo la danza butoh puede manejar emociones negativas, a través de sus cualidades físicas. Además, creo que hay que enriquecer el abanico de butoh, sin perder la esencia.

Estamos en el siglo 21, y el butoh nació después de Hiroshima. El mundo ha cambiado, pero lo que queda, e incluso es más urgente, es cómo podemos enfrentar las consecuencias de las guerras, los conflictos, etc. Cómo trabajar con estos retos enormes. Vale la pena pensar en la idea de investigar las emociones positivas, para ayudar a la gente. Para contribuir a disminuir el pánico, y ser positivo. Es necesario pensar en cómo el butoh aporta a este reto, que ha puesto Brenda.

Por otro lado, es significativo pensar en cómo este proyecto va a enriquecer nuestros conocimientos—para mí como neurocientífico y para Dr. José Jairo como físico. Y también, los de cada uno de los participantes, quienes están en el semillero, porque hay diversidad de profesiones—en ese sentido es interdisciplinario. Y de pronto sale un butoh que aún no tiene nombre.

Dr. Giraldo: Me involucré en el proyecto porque tengo una fundación dedicada a desarrollar el talento y la creatividad de niños que viven en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. El entorno cultural en que viven no es favorable. No obstante, son muy listos porque tienen que arreglárselas para sobrevivir. También tienen la capacidad de desarrollar la imaginación y la creatividad. Para mí, es muy interesante pensar en lo que ocurre en sus cerebros durante este proceso. Y este interés me llevó a conectar con Brenda y Roberto.

En la física, no es muy común pensar en el cerebro, al menos si no estamos hablando de la neurofísica. Pero mi trabajo con la fundación me ha desarrollado este interés. El arte es sumamente importante para la creatividad. Así que el proyecto del “Agujero Negro” me da la oportunidad de trabajar con Roberto y con Brenda. Y esta fue la motivación original para unirme a la propuesta, para poder explorar diferentes ideas y métodos de indagación de la creatividad y el talento. El proyecto es interdisciplinario, se puede decir que tenemos un entrelazamiento cuántico. Y, en fin, a nosotros los físicos nos interesa todo. ¡Neuronas, células, todo desde la física! Por supuesto no todos tienen que ser físicos, o estudiar la física. Pero, en el universo, todo es la física.

Nosotros en la fundación queríamos hacer una indagación con los niños, cuando ellos estaban trabajando en sus proyectos. Queríamos saber lo que ocurre en sus cerebros en las diferentes actividades mentales. Pero no era posible, porque no tenemos las herramientas. Ahora, abrimos la oportunidad con esta propuesta para ver lo que pasa en el cerebro mientras los bailarines trabajan en la coreografía.

¿Cuál es la relación entre la ciencia y la coreografía?

Brenda: La relación entre la danza y la ciencia es intrínseca. El arte y la ciencia son dos ramas del mismo árbol. La danza tiene su ciencia, y la ciencia tiene su arte. Entonces, en este proyecto, utilizamos los medios de la tecnología, porque nos proponemos hacer visible lo que es invisible, ¡recordemos que esa es una cualidad del arte! Las ondas de los electroencefalogramas serán proyectadas al público para ser visible algo que no se ve normalmente; así que utilizamos la danza, y la narrativa coreográfica, para investigarlo y mostrarlo.

De éste modo la danza será el sujeto de la investigación científica. Vamos a observar e indagar partituras particulares del butoh, y cómo estas posturas resuenan en todo el cuerpo y en el cerebro. Los especialistas van a interpretar los resultados que podemos comprender. ¡Porque estos electroencefalogramas son cosa seria! Hay una matemática y una manera en la que se expresan las ondas del cerebro, que es importante entender lo que eso significa.

Por otro lado, la ciencia está acercándose a la danza para obtener información que es significativa para comprender mejor los cuerpos, las mentes, y las situaciones emocionales que muchas personas pueden llegar a experimentar. Los bailarines, entrenados logran un estado de concentración con su cuerpo y mente, brindando información científica que será evaluada para tener un espectro amplio y profundo sobre la corporeidad del ser humano.

Dr. Amador: ¡Los artistas en el siglo pasado han sido los mejores neurocientíficos! A partir de las obras de arte, se sabe cómo se construye la parte visual, a partir de la danza, cómo se construyen los espacios. Así que, como decía Brenda: la ciencia enriquece las artes, y las artes enriquecen las ciencias naturales.

¿El brote de la violencia más reciente en Colombia, ha cambiado la trayectoria del proyecto?

Dr. Giraldo: La violencia en Colombia no es nada nuevo. Si se cuenta con lo que ocurrió en la masacre de las bananeras (1929) y los conflictos durante el siglo 19, se puede decir que Colombia, desde su independencia, ha sido y sigue golpeada por la violencia.

Entonces, por un lado, los colombianos han sido “estigmatizados.” Y por el otro, hay sectores que siempre han vivido más intensamente las consecuencias de esa violencia. Por cierto, eso tiene repercusiones en el comportamiento de la gente.

Desde esta perspectiva, lo que tenemos que hacer es recuperar la sensibilidad. No puede quedarse la academia al margen de eso, tenemos que involucrarnos, o por lo menos decir algo. Y también decirle a la gente que no somos insensibles a lo que está pasando.

Por ejemplo, un científico en los EEUU, o en otros países, puede tal vez olvidarse de todo, porque lo que les importa es solo la producción académica. Pero nosotros no podemos desinteresarnos de lo que está pasando a nuestro lado. Es importante que conectemos con las personas involucradas, quienes forman parte del público.

Brenda: La violencia que se ejerce sobre los cuerpos, es una de las razones por las cuales me interesa investigar la danza butoh, porque surgió en un contexto de posguerra. Yo llevo casi una década dedicada a este tema.

El brote más reciente de la violencia en Colombia, en vez de cambiar la trayectoria del proyecto, nos sugiere que estamos en buen camino. Nos afirma la importancia de seguir investigando y de seguir creando, porque es fundamental transformar la agresividad y, sobre todo, la crisis que estos excesos generan en los individuos, y en todo el pueblo colombiano.

El proyecto propende a que cualquier persona, en cualquier nivel educativo y/o cultural, puede entender que la paz no solo es un asunto del gobierno nacional o de los políticos. Es una paz que nos urge construir entre todos nosotros, y no sólo construir, sino mantener y liderar.

¿Cuáles son sus esperanzas relativas al proyecto? ¿Qué esperan que el público saque de los performances?

Brenda: Para mí, las obras son como los hijos—¡es bueno no tener muchas expectativas, porque hay que dejarlos ser!

Básicamente, queremos propiciar un diálogo interdisciplinar entre el arte y la ciencia, con el cual podamos producir conocimiento sobre la danza butoh. Desarrollar un texto que contenga las reflexiones, los hallazgos y dificultades de la investigación. Así mismo abrir un camino a otros interesados en continuar estas pesquisas. Y por supuesto el objetivo es realizar un performance para el público en general, para generar empatía y escuchar cómo reciben esta obra, cómo los impacta.

Dr. Amador: Desde el punto del estudio de la parte electrofisiológica de la danza butoh, tal vez debemos tener un “control”—como la salsa o alguna otra danza, para ver la diferencia. Este puede ser parte de la tercera etapa, para diseñar estos estudios de la electrofisiología.

Dr. Giraldo: Yo tengo muchas expectativas, además de los que ya mencionaba Brenda. Por un lado, ver lo que está pasando en los cerebros de estos niños y jóvenes—ver qué pasa allí cuando están en actividad o cuando están simplemente pensando o danzando. Eso va a decirnos mucho sobre el ser “sentipensante,” que no es solamente emocional, ni solo pensamientos—no están separados. El cerebro es uno, no son varios.

Así que mis expectativas son grandes. Y creo que eso nos sirve para impulsar la educación que se debe dar a los niños. Hasta ahora ha sido extremadamente equivocada, particularmente en Colombia, en donde estas cosas no solemos tenerlos en cuenta. En fin, esta investigación será de mucho interés para la educación, para las nuevas generaciones, para hacer un mundo mejor.

A black etching with a yellow black hole in the top left corner.

Photo by Brenda Polo from the laboratory process, Butoh, Neuroscience and Somatics,
and Project Designs for Mapping made by Lina Pulido Barragán and Andrés Sandoval Quimbayo

Para obtener más información, visite www.manusdea.org.

~~

[1]El mulato es hijo de una persona de raza negra y otra de raza blanca.

[2]Ko Murobushi bailarín japonés Butoh, de gran reconocimiento en la escena mundial.

[3]El concepto “antropoceno” —del griego anthropos, que significa humano, y kainos, que significa nuevo— fue popularizado en el año 2000 por el químico neerlandés Paul Crutzen, ganador del Premio Nobel de química en 1995, para designar una nueva época geológica caracterizada por el impacto del hombre sobre la Tierra.

[4]La neuroantropología es el estudio de la cultura y el cerebro. Este campo explora cómo nuevos descubrimientos en las ciencias cerebrales nos ayudan a comprender los efectos interactivos de la cultura y la biología en el desarrollo y comportamiento humano

[5]Parte de la biología que estudia los factores no genéticos que existen en el desarrollo del embrión. Las modificaciones del ADN que no cambian la secuencia de ADN pueden afectar la actividad genética. Los compuestos químicos que se agregan a genes individuales pueden regular su actividad. Estas modificaciones se conocen como cambios epigenéticos.

[6]La corporeidad es la complejidad humana, es cuerpo físico, cuerpo emocional, cuerpo mental, cuerpo trascendente, cuerpo cultural, cuerpo mágico y cuerpo inconsciente; esos cuerpos que nos hacen humanos y que nos diferencian de las otras criaturas vivientes.

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Stance on Dance’s Journey to Print https://stanceondance.com/2022/06/20/stance-on-dance-journey-to-print/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=stance-on-dance-journey-to-print https://stanceondance.com/2022/06/20/stance-on-dance-journey-to-print/#comments Mon, 20 Jun 2022 18:16:52 +0000 http://stanceondance.com/?p=10367 Stance on Dance is 10 years old, and to celebrate, we've become a 501c3 nonprofit and launched a twice-a-year print publication! Read more about Stance on Dance's journey and this exciting new chapter!

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BY EMMALY WIEDERHOLT

This year marks Stance on Dance’s 10th birthday. In honor of the occasion (and a bit of a coincidence as well), I am pleased to announce that Stance on Dance has become a nonprofit and received 501c3 status. Stance on Dance’s nonprofit mission is to educate the dance community and wider audiences about dance from the perspective of underrepresented voices and access points. One way my board and I are fulfilling our mission is by launching a twice-yearly print publication that features and supports more dance writers and thus shares more perspectives. We will also distribute copies to dance educational institutions and to our donors who make this possible.

Black drawing with etchings of various designs and the words "Stance on Dance in orange

Allow me to wax philosophic about how Stance on Dance got to this point. I started Stance on Dance as a blog in 2012. As a freelance dancer in the San Francisco Bay Area at the time, I felt frustrated with the ways dance was written about. It was often written about by people without a deep knowledge of the artform, it was often review and preview oriented (and the show is but the tip of the iceberg), and it tended to follow the money and cover major ballet and modern companies while overlooking the varied world of freelance artists who pour their energy (and often their earnings) into making their art exist.

My idea was simple enough: I would publish interviews with fellow dance artists in the San Francisco Bay Area as well as solicit and edit content from colleagues. The blog often had a tone of being “on the ground,” as opposed to the more formal reviews and previews I contributed to various publications around San Francisco. I took pride in it being by and for dance artists. I published content once to twice a week, and it generally consisted of interviews conducted by me, essays by various colleagues, cartoons drawn by my roommate Maggie Stack satirizing the dance world, and music recommendations by my friend Jake Padilla. As time went on, my friend Ryan Kelley wrote drink recommendations to pair with various shows, a calendar listing with a twist.

From the get go, I loved producing content about dance and organizing an editorial calendar. And while the bawdy cartoons and drink recommendations were fun, it was the interviews with various dance artists that gained the most traction. I had an affinity for writing, but I was by no means a trained journalist. I was a dancer. As a result of Stance on Dance’s growth during that first year, I started to look into graduate programs in arts journalism. Around the same time, the cost of living in San Francisco started to skyrocket due to the tech bubble, and I felt trapped as a dancer barely making ends meet. I decided my time in San Francisco had come to a close.

In 2013, I entered a master’s program in Arts Journalism at the University of Southern California on scholarship and, through moving to Los Angeles, Stance on Dance began to cover artists beyond the Bay Area. As I developed a more journalistic tone, the blog became more professional in its coverage, transforming from a site that was mostly circulated amongst colleagues, to an online publication that was beginning to command a serious readership. My master’s thesis was a redevelopment of Stance on Dance with a sleek redesign, a more engaged social media presence, and employment of metrics to track and understand readership.

In 2013, I also began working on what would become the book Beauty is Experience: Dancing 50 and Beyond, where I interviewed more than 50 dance artists over the age of 50 up and down the West Coast. I worked with Portland based photographer Gregory Bartning, who beautifully captured each interviewee. Our goal was to showcase the beauty and form in a dancer of any age, as well as to demonstrate how artistry enrichens with time. The compilation was published as a hardcover book in 2017.

After graduate school, I had the amazing opportunity to travel to South Africa to cover the National Arts Festival for Cue Newspaper, a printed daily arts newspaper that existed for the duration of the festival. Aside from the experience being a cultural whirlwind, I also began to appreciate for the first time how different print is from online content. Instead of an endless vertical scroll, themes could be developed across articles with the aid of good design. The reader’s attention is also different, with more sustained focus, as opposed to distraction after receiving notifications on a device. One day during my time in South Africa, I outlined a plan for a print version of Stance on Dance. Of course, I had graduate school debt, no job, and I didn’t even know where I would live next, but the seed was planted.

Upon returning to the states, I moved to Santa Fe, NM, and took a job as the editor of Fine Lifestyles Santa Fe, a glossy magazine that covered restaurants and shops in town. I didn’t care much for the content, but I relished the experience of working closely with a team of writers, photographers, sales reps, and designers to produce a print magazine. I took careful notes on the process, always having in the back of my mind that one day I might apply these skills to a print version of Stance on Dance.

Throughout grad school, my time in South Africa, and my time in Santa Fe working for the magazine, I continued to produce weekly (and often bi-weekly) content for Stance on Dance. As a result of working on the dancing over 50 book project as well as through my various experiences post graduate school, Stance on Dance increasingly became devoted to elevating the voices of those who are often marginalized in the dance world. These include older dancers, dancers of color, dancers who identify as LGBTQ, dancers who have a disability, fat dancers, dancers who live outside major metropolitan areas, women in leadership positions, dancers working outside well-funded institutions, and dancers who practice forms outside the Western canon. Through focusing on perspectives that have traditionally been marginalized in dance journalism, Stance on Dance found its footing as a journal where ideas and ways of working that challenge the status quo are covered and celebrated.

In 2017, I embarked on a second book project, this time in collaboration with Austin/Finland based dance educator Silva Laukkanen, interviewing professional dancers with disabilities. Breadth of Bodies: Discussing Disability in Dance came out this spring 2022 and features 35 professional dancers with disabilities in 15 countries. Through our interviews, Silva and I deepened our knowledge of problematic stereotypes, barriers to education, access issues, and terminology preferences. These interviews are accompanied with whimsical illustrations by San Francisco based artist Liz Brent-Maldonado.

That brings us to the present. After years of publishing weekly online content covering dance artists from many practices and places, Stance on Dance is excited to announce the launch of a twice-a-year print publication that will further promote dance and the many perspectives of its practitioners. This first issue features an interview by Sophia Diehl with dance movement therapist Giulia Carotenuto, an essay by Katie Flashner on relocating her life and dance practice from southern California to Maine, an essay by Cherie Hill on advocating for equity in dance spaces, an essay by Bhumi Patel on decolonizing praxis, three original dance inspired illustrations by Camille Taft, and an interview by Nikhita Winkler with French dance artist Illan Riviere. I also have contributed an interview with Miami-based choreographer Pioneer Winter on his intergenerational and physically integrated dance company, and an interview (translated and facilitated by Lorie House) with Colombian butoh artist Brenda Polo and her collaborators who are studying the effects of butoh on the brain. We will eventually publish all this content on stanceondance.com, but I believe the design and opportunity for more sustained reading brings the content to life in a different, hopefully more enjoyable, way.

A composite of reading Stance on Dance in print at a barre, in a hammock, and a cat reading it.

Where will you read your copy of Stance on Dance? And will you share it with your friends?

I hope you will consider supporting Stance on Dance in this exciting new format by helping spread the word or becoming a donor/subscriber. Many thanks to those of you who have supported and followed Stance on Dance in its many iterations over the past decade!

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To donate to support dance journlism and recieve two issues of Stance on Dance in print a year, visit stanceondance.com/support.

To learn more about the Spring/Summer 2022 issue or to order a single copy, visit stanceondance.com/print-publication.

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Isabel Cristina Jiménez: “Dance is Freedom” https://stanceondance.com/2022/05/23/isabel-cristina-jimenez-disability-dance/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=isabel-cristina-jimenez-disability-dance Mon, 23 May 2022 17:14:54 +0000 http://stanceondance.com/?p=10270 Isabel Cristina Jiménez, a plastic artist and butoh dancer with Manusdea Antropología Escénica in Bogotá, Colombia, shares some of her favorite performances and how dance allows her to feel space and freedom.

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BY EMMALY WIEDERHOLT; TRANSLATED BY LORIEN HOUSE; FACILITATED BY BRENDA POLO; ILLUSTRATION BY LIZ BRENT-MALDONADO

Isabel Cristina Jiménez is a plastic artist and butoh dancer in Bogotá, Colombia. Isa graduated from the Academy of the Arts Guerrero-Bogotá in 2014, where she studied plastic and performative art. She was introduced to butoh in 2010 by Ko Murobushi, and has studied with Brenda Polo, director of Manusdea Antropología Escénica. She has participated in various butoh laboratories including, in 2014, a residency at Casona de la Danza. In 2016, she won the Bernardo Páramo prize. She also participates in solo and collective art exhibitions; in 2017, her work was exhibited in Pascual Noruega.

Listen to the audobook recording of Isabel Cristina Jiménez’s interview here!

To learn more about the Discussing Disability in Dance Book Projectvisit here!

Para leer en español, desplácese hacia abajo. (To read in Spanish, please scroll down.)

Illustration of Isabel Cristina Jiminez

Image description: Isa is depicted lounging on her side propped up on her right arm in a hillside of red which she is painting with a paintbrush in her right hand. Her left hand holds a blue fan to her chest. The quote, “Prefiero que se respete a todas las personas por igual; es simple, somos todas personas” (translation: “We should respect everyone equally. It’s that simple; we’re all people.”) sits on the red hills.

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How did you get into dance and what have been some highlights in your dance history?

I took my first butoh workshop in 2010 with Ko Murobushi at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The workshop was called El Poder Oculto de la Memoria (The Hidden Power of Memory). In the workshop with Master Ko, we jumped, fell on the floor, laughed, and hugged each other. I especially liked the exercise called “the feline,” where everybody walked around as if we had one eye in our heads. In another exercise, we dropped to the floor as if dead, and then watched each other from the viewpoint of death. Many of the exercises were hard for me, but I did them the best I could.

In 2012, I participated in another butoh project called Chaturanga Hamlet at the Academia Guerrero. We started the creative process with Professor Juan Manrique by drawing on square pieces of wood in black and white ink. Then we assembled a chessboard out of the drawings, which we used in the dance. Each one of us moved on the chessboard like the different chess pieces. We used white makeup on our faces and hands – Professor Adriano applied it with his airbrush. It tickled! Professor Ximena Collazos did our costumes, dressing us in black plastic with red tulle on our heads.

In that project, all the women played the role of Ophelia. Ophelia throws herself to the floor, opens her jewelry box, and begins putting on her jewelry. There were a lot of movements associated with the jewelry scene. Ophelia hides her face with her Japanese fan. We (the Ophelias) said: “I’m crazy with love,” and, “They have broken your heart,” as we pulled our hair with our hands and ran around the stage on tiptoe. My hair was short, so I pulled it as much as I could. Then we fell, as if fainting, and our princes cried for us. Sixteen of us participated in Chaturanga Hamlet. It was a wonderful process. A lot of us fell in love – me with Caliche (Carlos Rojas) for example. In 2013, Carlos and I got more serious, and we’re still together.

Chaturanga Hamlet was presented in Bogotá in the Academia Guerrero at the Teatro Libre. I was a little nervous; it was my first time in a theater. But my co-performers and I pulled together and concentrated, and when we entered the stage and began to move, the nervousness left me completely. We also presented it in the Zona T – a street in Bogotá – and in the Teatro del Ágora in the Academia Guerrero.

In 2014, we did a nine-month butoh residency and performance called Odds (which stands for “opportunity” or “advantage”) in the Casona de la Danza in Bogotá. We worked with Victor Sánchez, Lorna Melo, Ximena Feria, María Teresa Molina, Nicole Tenorio, Fernando Polo, and Brenda Polo. The training was very difficult. I often got up at 4:30 a.m. in order to get to the studio by 7:00 a.m. We jumped, did turns in the air, practiced the “prayer,” the “egg,” and the “worm.” We fell to the floor. We explored what it was like to disappear into the windows. We experienced the feeling of being trapped. We sweat a lot during the practices!

The residency was hard for me, but I didn’t give up. My colleagues helped push me. But in fact, I didn’t want to stop. Every day I felt better. I loved jumping, feeling the tremble in my body, feeling good energy, concentration, breath. I felt free. We left each practice exhausted and sweating, but happy with what we’d done. The residency was also good for my work in the plastic arts – I painted two butoh dancers during that time.

In 2017, we did the performance La Metamorfosis with a grant from Bogotá Diversa for the group En-Trance. There were 30 of us – different ages, from different areas. There were even some children from a foundation. And a lot of people with diverse abilities. We helped each other constantly. There was always someone to help a person in a wheelchair by carrying them up to the third floor (there was no elevator), or helping those who had visual impairments climb those stairs each day.

We’d arrive at practice and immediately make a circle on the floor, each one of us in a star position (arms and legs extended) with feet touching. We’d breathe deeply together. There were people in wheelchairs, people with crutches, people with visual impairments. It was wonderful dancing with them and learning from them. For example, I used a blindfold in order to move without being able to see. I felt dizzy, and a little scared, but not much. With my eyes blindfolded, I could actually feel more.

We did our first performance in front of the Museo Nacional de Colombia. Later, we performed in the Plazoleta of the Universidad de Jorge Tadeo Lozano. The freedom I felt when we performed in the street was wonderful. There were so many emotions at once: moving my body, feeling the space around me, being outside, and performing alongside my friends. We all felt so happy doing this creative work together!

Our next project is called El Agujero Negro. We’re going to start it online at first, because of COVID-19. I’m anxious to move again and to feel that freedom again!

How would you describe your current dance practice?

I practice butoh with Brenda Polo. I also draw and make paintings. For me, both are important. Dance is a form of therapy for my body, because it makes me feel more alive, energetic, and free. And then I like to express those experiences by painting the human figure – nudes and dancers, and my life in Colombia. In my work you can see a lot of paintings of dancers, especially women.

When you tell people you are a dancer, what are the most common reactions you receive?

People congratulate me. They say: “What beautiful dancing. I like your dancing!”

What are some ways people discuss dance with regards to disability that you feel carry problematic implications or assumptions?

If I see a person dancing in a wheelchair or with crutches, I think, “These people can dance. They can feel their arms, their bodies.” Seeing people with different capabilities dancing is cool. It inspires me to continue my practice.

People who don’t know anything about dancers with disabilities might be surprised to see them dancing, but they’ll also feel proud. They might feel freedom. They’re going to have positive responses.

Do you believe there are adequate training opportunities for dancers with disabilities? If not, what areas would you specifically like to see improved?

There aren’t many in Bogotá. I think we need more classes for people with different abilities – for example, those with wheelchairs, those with visual impairments. And I think classes should be for everyone together, regardless of different abilities, not separated into this or that group.

Would you like to see disability in dance assimilated into the mainstream?

Yes. Having mixed groups enriches everyone. I also think that grants and scholarships should be for everyone, regardless of ability, and that everyone participates together. What’s important is the person, and what she wants to achieve. People with different abilities and no money can also dance and achieve their dreams with much success.

What is your preferred term for the field?

I don’t like “disabled” [“discapacitada” in Spanish]. I’m a normal person like everyone else, so I don’t like that word at all. We should respect everyone equally. It’s that simple; we’re all people. I prefer “diverse capabilities,” or we can call it “inclusive dance.” I don’t like terms like “lame” or “crooked” either. They’re horrible. I don’t like the discrimination I feel in those terms.

In your perspective, is the field improving with time?

Yes, there are more opportunities than before, but I wish there were even more.

Any other thoughts?

For me, drawing and painting are like therapy. But dancing is different. Dancing is feeling my body, feeling the vibrations. Dance is freedom. It’s a unique sensation. Now that we’re unable to go out and dance together due to the quarantine, I really feel that need.

When I can’t dance, I feel discriminated against. It’s like a form of bullying – it makes me feel trapped, like I can’t move. There’s no movement in my body, no vibration. When I can dance, I feel space and freedom.

Isabel smiles into the camera with a white painted face and red bow in her hair.

Isabel Cristina Jiménez, Photo by Ernesto Monsalve
Image description: Isabel leans into the frame and smiles. Her face is painted white and she has a big red bow tied atop her head. Other people and lights are blurry in the background.

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To learn more about Manusdea Antropología Escénica, visit www.manusdea.org.

To learn more about the Discussing Disability in Dance Book Projectvisit here!

This interview was conducted in March 2020.

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Isabel Cristina Jiménez Tenorio: “Bailar es Libertad”

Isabel Cristina Jiménez Tenorio es una artista plástica y bailarina de butoh ubicada en Bogotá, Colombia. Isa (nombre artístico), se graduó de la Academia de Artes Guerrero-Bogotá en 2014, en donde estudió artes plásticas y performativas. Se introduce en la danza butoh en el año 2010, con el maestro Ko Murobushi, y ha continuado sus estudios con Brenda Polo, directora de Manusdea Antropología Escénica. Isa, ha participado en varios laboratorios y obras de butoh, incluyendo, en 2014, una Residencia Artística realizada en la Casona de la Danza. En 2016 fue ganadora del premio Bernardo Páramo con la obra “Secuestrados y Mujer Desplazada.” También ha realizado varias exposiciones de arte individuales y colectivas, en el 2017 expone en Pascal Noruega.

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Por favor, cuéntanos un poco sobre tu historia con la danza. ¿Cuáles fueron algunos de los puntos más memorables de esta historia?

Mi primer taller fue con el maestro Ko Murobushi en el año 2010, en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. El taller se llamó, El Poder Oculto de la Memoria. En el taller hicimos varios ejercicios de butoh, como caminar muy lento, brincar, hacer caídas. Nos reíamos, nos abrazábamos. Me gustó mucho el ejercicio del “felino” – todos caminamos como si tuviéramos un ojo en la cabeza. En otro, caímos al piso como muertos y nos miramos del punto de vista de un muerto. Muchos ejercicios eran difíciles para mí, pero los hice como pude.

En el 2012, participé en otro proyecto de butoh que se llamó Chaturanga Hamlet en la Academia Guerrero. Primero hicimos un proceso creativo con el profesor Juan Manrique, dibujando con la tinta china negro y blanco sobre pedazos cuadrados de madera. Ensamblamos un tablero de ajedrez con los dibujos, y lo usábamos en la obra. Cada uno caminaba como un personaje de ajedrez diferente. Nos maquillamos de blanco la cara y las manos; el profesor Adriano de aerografía nos maquilló a todos con su aerógrafo. Fue divertido, hacia cosquillas. A nosotros nos vistió la profesora Ximena Collazos con el plástico negro y el tul rojo en la cabeza.

En el Chaturanga Hamlet, todas las chicas hicimos la persona de Ofelia. Ofelia se tiraba al piso, abría su joyero y se empezó a colocarse sus joyas. Había muchos movimientos acerca de esta escena de las joyas. Con su abanico japonés, Ofelia se escondía el rostro. Decíamos: “Estoy loca de amor,” y “Te han roto el corazón.” Nos cogíamos los cabellos con las manos hacía arriba y corríamos de puntas por todos lados. Yo tenía el cabello corto y también lo estiraba para arriba. Después, nos desmayábamos y nuestros príncipes lloraban por nosotras. Éramos 16 compañeros de la Academia quienes participamos.

Fue grande ese proceso. Varios compañeros nos hicimos novios—yo con Caliche (Carlos Rojas). En el 2013 Caliche y yo ya fuimos más serios. Hasta ahora (2020) somos novios.

Chaturanga Hamlet fue presentado en Bogotá, en la Academia Guerrero, en el Teatro Libre. Yo tenía un poquito de nervios; era mi primera vez en un teatro. Me fui a concentrarme junto con mis compañeros. Cuando entré en la escena y empecé a moverme, se me acabaron los nervios. También nos presentamos en la Zona T—es una calle de la ciudad de Bogotá—y en el Teatro del Ágora de la Academia Guerrero.

En 2014, hicimos una residencia de butoh de nueve meses que se llamó “Odds” (que significa: oportunidad, punto de ventaja), en la casona de la danza en Bogotá. Trabajamos con Víctor Sánchez, Lorna Melo, Ximena Feria, María Teresa Molina, Nicole Tenorio, Fernando Polo y Brenda Polo. El training fue muy duro. Madrugaba mucho a las 4:30 a.m. para llegar a la casona a las 7:00 a.m. Brincabamos, hacíamos giros saltando. Practicábamos la plegaria, el huevo, el gusano, y las caídas al piso. Explorábamos desaparecer en las ventanas y sentirnos atrapados. ¡Sudábamos mucho en las prácticas!

Fue duro para mí, pero no me rendí. Mis compañeros me animaron, y yo tampoco quería dejar mis prácticas. Cada día me sentía mejor. Me encantaba hacer los brincos, sentir el temblor del cuerpo. Sentía la buena energía de la concentración y la respiración. Me sentía libre. Salíamos cansados y sudando, pero contentos de haber hecho esta práctica. La residencia también fue bueno para mí creación en las artes plásticas—incluso pinté un par de bailarines butoh.

En 2017, hicimos el performance Las Metamorfosis, con la Beca Bogotá Diversa del grupo En-Trance. Fuimos unas 30 personas. Veníamos de distintas partes y éramos de edades diferentes, incluso habían niños de una fundación. Y personas con capacidades diversas. Nos ayudábamos unos a los otros—siempre había alguien para cargar a un compañero y su silla de ruedas hasta el tercer piso (no había ascensor), o a ayudar a los compañeros invidentes a subir al tercer piso.

Cada día cuando llegábamos, hacíamos un círculo tendidos todos en el piso, en posición de estrella (con brazos y piernas abiertas), todos conectados hasta los pies. Respirábamos hondo, juntos. Había gente con silla de ruedas, con muletas, invidentes. Fue lo mejor bailar con ellos, y aprender de ellos. Por ejemplo, yo usaba la venda (en los ojos) para andar sin poder ver. Y sentía mareo, y un poco de miedo, pero muy poco. Teniendo los ojos vendados yo podía sentir más.

Hicimos el primer performance en frente del Museo Nacional de Colombia, y luego en la Plazoleta de la Universidad de Jorge Tadeo Lozano. La libertad de salir a la calle para la performance era genial. Me sentía muchas emociones a la vez, moviéndome el cuerpo, sintiendo el espacio, estando allí con mis amigos. La pasábamos felices por el encuentro y el trabajo creativo.

Mi próximo proyecto se llama El Agujero Negro. Y vamos a iniciarlo en línea debido al COVID-19. Porque quiero moverme, ¡quiero esta libertad de nuevo!

¿Cómo describirías tu práctica del baile actual?

Practico el butoh con Brenda Polo, y también soy artista plástica. Dibujo y pinto cuadros. Para mí, las dos cosas son importantes. La danza es una forma de terapia para mi cuerpo, porque me siento más activa, enérgica y libre; mi cuerpo se siente más vital. Me gusta expresar estas experiencias pintando figuras humanas, basadas en el desnudo, en bailarines, y la vida que tengo en Colombia. Entre mi obra tengo muchas mujeres bailando.

¿Cuáles son las respuestas más comunes que recibes cuando dices: “Soy bailarina.”?

La gente me felicita. Me dicen: “qué bonito danza. Me gusta su danza!”

¿Has encontrado problemas con la manera en que la gente habla, o ve a las discapacidades en la danza?

Si, yo veo una persona con alguna diversidad física en el baile, como una persona en silla de ruedas o muletas, yo pienso: “estas personas pueden danzar. Pueden sentir sus brazos, su cuerpo.” Y ver a estas personas bailar es chévere. Me anima a seguir con mis prácticas.

La gente que no sabe nada de las discapacidades, tal vez van a estar sorprendidos viendo estas personas  bailando, pero también orgullosos de verlas. Pueden sentir una sensación de libertad. Este baile va a tener respuestas positivas de la gente.

¿Crees que hay oportunidades suficientes para el entrenamiento de bailarines con discapacidades? Y si no, cómo se puede mejorar?

No hay muchos lugares en Bogotá para eso. Yo creo que debemos tener más oportunidades para tener las clases, para gente con capacidades diferentes—por ejemplo las personas con silla de ruedas, o invidentes. Y pienso que estas oportunidades deben ser para bailar juntos, no separados.

¿Entonces prefieres que los bailarines con capacidades mixtas se asimilen más en el “mainstream” (baile “convencional”)?

Sí. Tener grupos mixtos es enriquecedor para todos. Y yo prefiero que las becas para talleres, etc., sean para todos y que participemos todos juntos. Porque, lo que importa es la persona y lo que ella quiere lograr. Hay gente pobre y con capacidades diferentes en todos lados y también ellos danzan, cumplen sus sueños y triunfan con mucho éxito.

¿Tienes un término preferido para la escena de la danza con discapacidades? Y, por otro lado, hay términos que no te gustan?

No me gusta la palabra “discapacitada.” Soy una persona normal como otras, y no me gusta que me digan nada de eso. Prefiero que se respete a todas las personas por igual. Es simple; somos todas personas. Prefiero, “capacidades diversas.” O pueden decir que nuestro “baile es inclusivo.” No me gustan términos como cojo, tuerto, chueco. Son horribles. No me gusta la discriminación que se ve en estos términos.

En tu opinión, ¿está mejorando la escena de la danza con respeto a las capacidades mixtas?

Sí, hay más oportunidades ahora que antes. Pero me gustaría si fueran más todavía.

¿Hay alguna otra cosa que quieres decirnos?

Para mí, dibujar es una terapia total, lo mismo que pintar. Pero bailar es distinto. Bailar es sentir el cuerpo, sentir la vibración. Bailar es una sensación de libertad. Es una sensación única. Y ahora que estamos súper encerrados (por la cuarentena de Covid-19) con mayor razón quiero danzar.

Si, yo no pudiera bailar, me sentiría discriminada. Es una forma de bullying—el pensar que no podemos mover nuestro cuerpo. Me hace sentir atrapada, como si no hay movimiento en mi cuerpo. No hay vibración. Cuando bailo, siento que tengo espacio y libertad.

Isabel leans back into another dancer, both wearing cloth masks over their faces.

Foto de Ernesto Monsalve

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Flamenco is for Every Body https://stanceondance.com/2020/09/07/flamenco-inclusivo/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=flamenco-inclusivo Mon, 07 Sep 2020 19:34:58 +0000 http://stanceondance.com/?p=9021 José Galán, director of Flamenco Inclusivo in Seville, Spain, describes how flamenco as an art form can be expressed by every body, and how he has adapted the flamenco technique for people with disabilities.

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An Interview with José Galán

BY LORIEN HOUSE AND EMMALY WIEDERHOLT

José Galán is a flamenco dancer, teacher, pedagogue and researcher based in Seville, Spain, as well as the founder and artistic director of Flamenco Inclusivo, a flamenco company and association for teaching flamenco to dancers with disabilities. José describes how flamenco as an art form can be expressed by all bodies, and how he has adapted the flamenco technique for any body.

PARA LEER ESTA ENTREVISTA EN ESPAÑOL, ¡POR FAVOR MIREN HACIA ABAJO!

Flamenco Inclusivo Photo by Sang Hoon Ok

Photo by Sang Hoon Ok

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Please share a bit about your own history dancing flamenco. What has influenced you as a flamenco dancer and artist?

I started dancing when I was seven years old and kept studying dance until I got all the titles that exist in Spain. I also studied pedagogy and received a master’s degree in social education and a doctorate in flamenco. I did my doctorate research in flamenco and disability.

I’ve danced in some of the best flamenco companies, including those of Sara Baras, Antonio Canales, Mario Maya, Aída Gómez and Salvador Távora. I’ve also worked in theater. To me, a dancer is an actor who interprets with his gestures and body language instead of text. Communication and expression are the most important things in dance. Technique is also important, but technique without art results in dance that is “cold” – more like sport than dance. To me, that’s useless. Dance should excite people and transmit emotion to the public.

How did you get the idea of creating Flamenco Inclusivo?

In 2004, I began to give dance classes for people with intellectual disabilities. By 2010, that led to creating my own inclusive flamenco company with integrated shows. That’s how my project was born, through being a pioneer of inclusion in flamenco.

How have you changed or adapted flamenco for people with disabilities?

With practice and experience, I have been developing my own methodology in order to visualize and normalize the abilities and potential of people with disabilities. Flamenco adapts to each person’s ability. It fills me with satisfaction and joy to see how this methodology and resultant choreographic investigation works, both for me and for my students.

Is it more common for you to work with dancers with intellectual or physical disabilities?

I don’t have a preference. I’ve worked with many different kinds of disability. My first experiences were with dancers with intellectual and sensory disabilities. Lately, I’ve worked more with dancers with physical disabilities. One might think that people with physical disabilities would have a harder time with dance, because you dance with your body. So it might look like a bigger challenge for someone with reduced mobility, or with crutches or a wheelchair, to dance, and for me to teach or create choreography on that person.

But in fact, each type of disability requires different things—it’s not that one is easier and one more difficult. Yes, a person with physical disabilities might have more obvious problems with the movements. But a person with intellectual disability might have memory problems, coordination problems, or sensory issues. For example, a kid with autism might be afraid to close his eyes, jump, or move in a way that’s new to him. He might have a lot of problems learning the simple act of lifting an arm, turning, or tapping the floor. But once he learns it, the satisfaction is immense!

When you work with a dancer who uses a wheelchair or crutches, how do you adapt the footwork?

Footwork is the most characteristic thing about flamenco. It seems that if you don’t work with the feet, you aren’t doing flamenco. Of course, flamenco is also about the arms, the skirt movements for women, etc. But certainly, one can say that in all flamenco dances—all—you do footwork.

It’s difficult to adapt the footwork for someone in a wheelchair. But you can imagine that the wheels on the chair, especially the small ones in front, are like feet. When you hit those wheels against the floor, you make a sound—and this sound stands in for the sounds made with the feet.

Of course, the rhythm has to be simpler. It’s impossible to make a really fast rhythm with the wheels. Because of this, it’s not going to be the same dance—but it will be flamenco. That’s what I maintain—that it won’t be the same flamenco, but it will be flamenco. And it doesn’t have to be the same! The beauty of flamenco is in its diversity—everyone does it their own way. It’s like speaking different languages. It’s not a disability to speak one language and not another. Nor is one better than the other—they’re just different. For example, a deaf woman speaks with her hands, and it’s her right to have this form of communication. It’s equally beautiful to have different ways of communicating in flamenco.

Of course, you have to educate the public. It’s important to show and normalize different ways of communicating so that people learn this is another form of the art. It’s not strange people dancing; it’s people with diverse abilities, dancing flamenco.

Flamenco Inclusivo Photo by Peter Martin

Photo by Peter Martin

Also, nobody becomes a dancer by taking one class—whether you’ve got a disability or not. It takes years of effort for anyone. But dancers with different abilities can become professionals if they have the training. There aren’t many examples today in flamenco—because I’m a pioneer with Flamenco Inclusivo—but there are a lot of examples in contemporary dance. There are lots of inclusive contemporary dance companies.

What does serve as an example is that, during flamenco’s long history, there have been great artists with disabilities. For example, “Enrique el Cojo” (Enrique Jiménez Mendoza, 1912-1985). His artistic name (“Enrique the Lame”) was also his disability, and he didn’t hide it from anyone. When he was eight years old, he contracted cancer in one leg. He never recovered the full ability of that leg. Despite that, he became a great artist. He danced with very famous bailaoras, including Matilde Coral. He also became a great teacher—he taught Cristina Hoyo and Manuela Varga, among others.

Enrique was also a little bit deaf; he used a hearing aid. So, physically? A mess! In fact, the opposite of what you think of as a dancer. It’s very interesting to me how a body that’s so far out of the “canon” of perfection, athleticism, beauty, whatever, is capable of dancing flamenco—and of creating new forms of the art. For example, instead of doing a lot of footwork, Enrique used the palms of his hands to mark the rhythm, or he tapped with his hands on a table. Or, he put more weight on the “good” leg, in order to be able to mark rhythms with the other. He even danced more from the waist up, using hands and arms to substitute for what he lacked in the legs—which is a technique one usually associates with women, especially in his era.

One compensates for whatever difficulty. For example, a blind person will likely have sharper hearing. Even people who can see might find themselves closing their eyes in order to hear music better—almost as a reflexive act. It’s important to note that someone might have a disability from birth, someone else might become disabled in adolescence, or even in old age. Sometimes when we get older, we lose certain faculties—hearing, vision, etc., or we may start to have pains we never had before. So we shouldn’t fear disabilities. We should think about them as part of being human. We’re all imperfect. We have to keep reminding ourselves of that fact, especially now, when there’s so much emphasis on perfection and beauty. For example, I’m losing my hair. So I shaved my head. It sounds silly, but in flamenco it’s “normal” to have long hair. Also, I have a hoarse voice. I can’t change that. But, it doesn’t matter whether a cantaor’s voice is hoarse or smooth, because both are flamenco! The richness of this art is in the plurality and diversity of expression.

That’s why I say that flamenco is the patrimony of humanity. It’s universal. You don’t have to be Spanish, nor Andalusian, nor Gitano, nor have long hair. You feel flamenco. It’s very personal. It’s not like classical ballet—it’s not looking for “perfection.” Flamenco searches out the truth. It values a broken voice, experience, expression overall. The words we sing are about life, love, experience. Maybe a girl of ten years could sing a fandango well, but a woman of 80, even if she sings technically worse, is singing the truth. She’s singing about love, about grief, about things she’s actually lived. She’s singing from her own wisdom. In fact, I’ve seen older women dancers, heavy, sometimes they can’t even get out of their chairs. But when they lift an arm, the audience starts to applaud and say, “Ole!” That shows that even traditional flamenco values difference. So it’s very unjust to think that people with different capacities can’t do flamenco.

How often did Flamenco Inclusivo offer classes or workshops before the pandemic? Have you offered virtual classes since the pandemic began? If so, how has that worked?

In addition to the company, I created an association to teach flamenco to people with different capabilities, because there are no flamenco schools for them. Before the quarantine, we gave different classes to different groups. There was a group with physical disabilities, others with intellectual disabilities, another for blind people. I also gave classes at the prison to people with mental illness.

The classes are separated according to disability, but sometimes I combine them. The groups also work together when we do a show. The dynamic is very interesting. When these groups work together, they learn a lot from each other. The same is true in inclusive classes—people with and without disabilities. I’m not talking only about flamenco now. We’ve actually created a family, which is a beautiful thing.

But now, with the quarantine, things are very difficult. I’ve given online classes, but it’s almost impossible for some people to take these classes. It’s almost impossible for a blind person, for example, to get much out of it. This shows that in this so-called “new normal” not everyone suffers equally. People with disabilities have suffered much more from these measures. For my blind students in particular, the quarantine has been a horror. For example, I have a student who’s almost 80 years old and lives alone. She’s almost blind. One day she lost her glasses. She spent five days looking for them. This doesn’t have anything to do with flamenco, but I have to be there for my students as a support. I’ve been talking to her every day by phone, trying to help.

We’re learning to see our problems as relative. A woman in a wheelchair might complain because she can’t access certain places, or because it’s difficult to do certain things in a chair. But when she meets someone of her own age, but completely blind, she might think, “That’s worse!” In adversity, the only thing we can do is grow.

But in the end, dance and theater, and teaching these arts, must be done in person. They must be experienced in order to be learned. So I hope we go back to physical classes soon.

What’s been easiest and most difficult about including dancers with disabilities in flamenco?

The easiest are their wishes and desires to learn. The most difficult are the rehearsals and the number of repetitions needed to achieve good results. That’s the same with any dancer.

Flamenco Inclusivo Photo by Sang Hoon Ok

Photo by Sang Hoon Ok

Are there enough studios and stages that are wheelchair accessible in Spain? If not, how do you ensure your dancers have access?

Society is getting better, but I’m still seeing problems. There are theaters and public spaces that have access for people with disabilities to go in and see a show, but people with disabilities who are actually performing in the show can’t get in! In other words, the audience has easy access, but the dancers and actors don’t. There are no ramps, or the stage is not accessible.

We can’t get angry about it; we have to work to change it. It is changing. Little by little, we’re making disability in the performing arts visible. I recently participated in a videocall with an organization here in Spain to talk about disabilities in the performing arts. I talked about dance, another person talked about theater, another about film, etc. For example, when there is a character in a wheelchair, or with another type of disability, the ideal would be to have an actor with the same disability play this role. The ideal is to give the disabled performer the opportunity to work.

In what kind of venues does Flamenco Inclusivo mostly perform?

In 2018, I had the great fortune to choreograph a flamenco flash mob in the Bienal de Flamenco here in Seville. I also wrote the song. It was the first flash mob of inclusive flamenco. We performed in the street, in a festival, where there were thousands of people. That was the first time many people saw disabled people doing flamenco. Thanks to the video of that flash mob, which was seen all over the world, people got to know me and my way of understanding Flamenco Inclusivo as flamenco for everyone. Of course, there are a lot of disabilities you can’t see. For example, a deaf person, or even a blind person who wears dark glasses. It’s wonderful because sometimes after we’ve finished a show, and I tell someone, “Well that dancer is blind,” they are completely surprised. They hadn’t noticed at all. And once they know, they appreciate the art even more.

Overall, we’ve worked mostly in theaters and festivals. We have not yet danced in a Tablao de Flamenco. That’s more traditional. I’ve had problems with the empresarios of those Tablaos, because they don’t want to give opportunities to dancers with disabilities. Sometimes they’ve said ugly things. For example, “Why would we want to see a disabled girl dance flamenco?” And I say, “Because she’s wonderful.” I’ve even offered to dance with my dancers, free, for a week, as an experiment. But they’ve told me: no, we only want young, “beautiful” dancers. It’s their concept of beauty of course, because for me, my dancers are beautiful, even if they’re short or heavy. They have art and grace, more even than any tall, thin, pretty woman. So, this is a mental barrier.

They’ve also told me that tourists who come to see the Tablao don’t want to see disabled people dancing—they’ll ask for their money back. They’ll think it’s a trick. I tell them to try it, because I think the opposite is true—the people, afficionados, who come to see real flamenco are going to love what they see. And a lot of times these Tablaos are low quality; they’re the ones cheating people, offering something that’s not so good. They contract dancers who haven’t mastered the art and pay them a low wage.

So I think a tourist who comes to see flamenco, who has an appreciation for the art, would love to see my dancers. They’d cry from emotion, from happiness. They also might say, “Wow, if this girl can dance flamenco, maybe I can too!” When you see someone overcome obstacles, you want to do the same. It feeds the inspiration.

But, as I said, we’ve yet to work in any of the Tablaos.

Have other flamenco choreographers or companies started working with dancers with disabilities?

No other flamenco companies have done so yet. But my work has sparked interest in some international flamenco schools. We’ve served as an inspiration. I’ll go once a year to supervise their work or create choreographies with their dancers. For example, there’s a school in Italy I work with once a year.

Have any of your students gone on to dance professionally beyond Flamenco Inclusivo? If yes, what has been their trajectory or experience? If not, do you think this is possible in the future?

Not yet, because, again, my company is the only inclusive flamenco company so far. I not only have dancers in the company, but also musicians with disabilities. For example, I have blind singers and percussionists. Flamenco uses a lot of improvisation. That can be a problem for us, because, for example, if I’m dancing, and I suddenly change the tempo from six to eight, a blind singer, who has memorized the tempo, is not going to catch the change. In traditional flamenco, that’s not a problem, obviously, because all the musicians and singers follow the dancer’s lead, without need for words. So for us, this changes the onstage communication. I can say, “Let’s go here!” or give some other vocal signal to mark or change tempo—that’s how we work with it. Ours is a collaboration, and everything is new for us. Memorization then becomes very important for us, even more so than in traditional flamenco. It may be difficult to translate that to other situations. Also, a lot of my wheelchair students haven’t been studying very long, and they memorize the dances completely. Not for disability, but for lack of experience. Improvisation requires a lot of experience. Ultimately though, I think we need even more companionship and collaboration than in traditional flamenco, because of the way we have to work together.

How would you like to expand your work in the future?

I think my work with inclusive flamenco will expand and extend to the rest of the world. At the very least, we’re making people aware that people with different capabilities can dance flamenco. I’d like in the future to be an ambassador of inclusive flamenco. I want people to see that this art benefits from a diversity of bodies and abilities, and that the difference is an added value, not an obstacle.

Flamenco Inclusivo Photo by Sang Hoon Ok

Photo by Sang Hoon Ok

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To learn more, visit www.josegalan.net.

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ESPAÑOL:

EL FLAMENCO ES PARA TODOS

Entrevista con José Galán

De LORIEN HOUSE y EMMALY WIEDERHOLT

José Galán es un bailaor, maestro, pedagogo y investigador del flamenco, basado en Sevilla, España. Es el fundador y director de Flamenco Inclusivo, una compañía de flamenco y una associación para la enseñanza del arte flamenco a personas con discapacidades. José habla del flamenco como un arte en el que todos pueden participar y expresar, y de cómo es posible enseñar y adaptar la técnica de flamenco para cada persona.

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Por favor, cuentanos un poco sobre tu propia historia con el baile flamenco. ¿Qué ha influenciado tu formación como bailaor y artista de flamenco?

Empecé a bailar con siete años y pronto comencé a estudiar danza hasta conseguir todos los títulos que existen en España. También estudié en la universidad pedagogía. Recibí un master de educación social y un doctorado de flamenco cuya línea de investigación se trata de flamenco y discapacidad. He bailado en las mejores compañías de flamenco como las de Sara Baras, Antonio Canales, Mario Maya, Aída Gómez o Salvador Távora. He trabajado no solo en la danza, sino también en el teatro, ya que considero que un bailaor también es un actor que interpreta con sus gestos y su lenguaje corporal aunque sin texto. La comunicación y expresión es lo más importante, sin olvidar la técnica. Pero tener técnica sin arte es un baile frío y no sirve de nada. Parecería deporte en lugar de danza. El baile sirve para emocionarse y transmitir emoción al público.

¿Cómo llegaste a la idea de crear el Flamenco Inclusivo?

En 2004 comienzo a dar clases de danza para personas con discapacidades intelectuales. En 2010 creé mi propia Compañía de Flamenco Inclusivo con espectáculos integrados. Así nació mi proyecto, siendo pionero y precursor de la inclusión a través del flamenco.

¿Cómo has cambiado o adaptado el baile flamenco para las personas con capacidades diferentes?

Con la práctica y la experiencia he ido desarrollando mi propia metodología para visualizar y normalizar las potencialidades de las personas con capacidades diferentes. El baile flamenco se adapta según cada persona. Es una innovación pedagógica y una investigación coreográfica muy interesante que me llena de satisfacción y alegría, tanto a mi como a ellos.

Flamenco Inclusivo Photo by Ginette Lavell

Foto: Ginette Lavell

Es más commun para ustedes trabajar con bailarines con discapacidades intelectuales/cognitivas, o con bailarines con discapacidades físicas?

Pues yo no tengo preferencia. He trabajado con todo tipo de discapacidad. Monté mi propia compañía en el 2010, y mis primeras experiencias fueron con personas con discapacidades intelectuales y sensoriales. Últimamente mis experiencias han sido con personas con discapacidades físicas. La discapacidad física parece que es la más incapacitante para el baile, porque el baile se hace con el cuerpo. Para una persona en silla de ruedas, o con muletas, o con su movilidad reducida, es un reto más complicado tanto para la persona que baila como para mi cuando tengo que enseñar o montar una coreografía.

Pero de hecho, cada tipo de discapacidad requiere cosas diferentes. No es que alguna es más fácil y alguna más difícil. Sí, una persona con alguna discapacidad física tal vez va a tener problemas más obvios con hacer los movimientos. Pero las personas con discapacidades intelectuales pueden tener problemas con la memoria, o de coordinación, o problemas sensoriales. Por ejemplo un chico con autismo puede tener miedo al cerrar los ojos, o saltar, o moverse en una manera nueva. Para una persona así el simple hecho de levantar un brazo, hacer un giro o un zapateado puede costar mucho trabajo conseguirlo. Pero cuando lo consigue, la satisfación es muy grande.

Cuando trabajas con alguien que usa una silla de ruedas o muletas, como adaptas la tecnica de pies?

Lo más característico del flamenco es el zapateado. Parece que si no se zapatea, no estas haciendo flamenco. Por supuesto el flamenco también se trata de los brazos, el movimiento de la falda para las chicas, etc. Pero se puede decir que en todos los bailes de flamenco—todos–se zapatea. Entonces, adaptar el zapateado para una persona en silla de ruedas es difícil. Pero: imagínate como si las ruedas de la silla, sobre todo las ruedas pequeñitas de adelante, fueran los pies. Entonces al percutir las ruedas contra el suelo, se puede hacer algún sonido, y con eso sustituir el ruido de las ruedas para lo del zapateado.

Por eso, el zapateado con una silla de ruedas debe ser más simple, ritimicamente. Es imposible hacer un taconazo muy rápido por ejemplo. Dado esto, es también imposible que sea el mismo baile, pero no es imposible bailar el flamenco en silla de ruedas. Eso es lo que yo defiendo: que nunca va a ser igual, pero sí. es posible. Y ¡no tiene que ser igual! Es muy bonita la diversidad de que cada una lo haga a su manera. Es como hablar en diferentes idiomas—no es una discapacidad hablar un idioma en vez de otro. Tampoco el uno es mejor que el otro, son solo diferentes. Por ejemplo una chica sorda puede hablar con sus manos y es su derecho tener esta otra forma de comunicarse. Es igual de bonito tener otra forma de bailar dentro del flamenco.

Por supuesto hay que educar el público. Hay que visibilizar o normalizar la diferencia—que la gente conozca que hay aquí un flamenco diferente. Que no son personas extrañas haciendo el baile, sino personas con diversas capacidades, haciendo flamenco.

Hay que decir que ningún bailarín se forma tomando una clase, tanto los bailarines con discapacidades como los sin discapacidades. Hace falta muchos años y esfuerzo. Con esa formación, los bailarines con diversas capacidades se pueden llegar incluso a ser profesionales. Yo no tengo referentes dentro del flamenco, porque yo soy pionero con el Flamenco Inclusivo, pero hay ejemplares en la danza contemporánea—hay muchas compañías de danza contemporánea inclusiva.

Lo que sí me sirve como referencia es que a lo largo de la historia del flamenco, han sido grandes artistas con discapacidades. Por ejemplo, había una persona que se llamó “Enrique el Cojo” (Enrique Jiménez Mendoza, 1912-1985). Su nombre artistico era además su discapacidad, y no ocultaba su discapacidad de ninguna manera. A los ocho años tuvo un cancer de la pierna, por eso se hizo “cojo.” A pesar de eso, se convirtió en grande artista. Bailaba mucho con la bailaora muy famosa Matilde Coral, entre otras. Además de ser bailaor, Enrique el Cojo se dedicaba a la enseñanza. Enseñaba por ejemplo a Cristina Hoyo, Manuela Varga, a muchos grandes artistas.

También Enrique el Cojo era un poco sordo, tenía un aparato para escuchar. Entonces: físicamente? ¡Fatal! De hecho lo contrario del cuerpo de un bailaor. Es muy interesante que un cuerpo que se sale del canon de la perfeción o del atletismo o de belleza o lo que sea, sea capaz de bailar el flamenco a su forma, ¡incluso a crear una forma nueva! Por ejemplo, en vez de zapatear tanto con los pies, él tocaba más con las palmas, o  hacía compás sobre la mesa. O, para zapatear, echaba más el peso en un pie que del otro. Incluso bailaba más de cintura para arriba—usando sus manos y brazos para sustituir lo que le falta para abajo—que se supone es más característica de las mujeres, especialmente en esa época.

Al final, las discapacidades se compensan. Por ejemplo para una persona ciega, el oido se agudiza. Incluso para nosotros, que estamos acostumbrados a ver, si queremos escuchar más bien la música de flamenco, cerramos los ojos, como acto reflejo. Y es importante notar que una persona puede tener una discapacidad desde el nacimiento, o puede llegar en su adolescencia, o incluso en la vejez. Las personas viejas a veces pierden sus facultades—el oido o la visión, o tal vez empieza a doler la pierna o cualquier cosa. Entonces, no hay que tenerle miedo a la discapacidad, sino contemplarla como parte del ser humano. Todos somos imperfectos! Es muy importante notar eso hoy en dia, cuando hay tanto énfasis en la perfección y la belleza. Yo, por ejemplo, me falta el pelo, así que me afeito la cabeza. Y parece una tontería, pero en el flamenco es “normal” tener el pelo largo. Además, tengo una voz aguda. No me la puedo cambiar. Pero, no importa si sea la voz aguda o la voz dulce—ambas son flamenca! En la pluralidad y diversidad está la riqueza del arte flamenco.

Por eso digo que el flamenco es el patrimonio de la humanidad. Es algo universal. No hace falta ser español, ni andaluz, ni gitano, ni tener el pelo largo.  El flamenco se siente, es muy personal. No es como el ballet clásico—que es “la perfecion”.  El flamenco busca la verdad. Valora una voz rota, valora la experiencia, la expresión sobre todo. Las letras que se canta son sobre la vivencia, la experiencia. Tal vez una chica de 10 años puede cantar muy bien un fandango, pero una mujer de 80, aunque lo cante peor, esta cantando la verdad. Esta hablando de amor, de tristeza, de cosas que ha vivido. Esta cantando desde su sabiduría.

Por ejemplo hay mujeres viejas, gorditas, incluso unas que ni siquera se puedan levantarse de la silla. Pero cuando levantan un brazo, el público se pone a aplaudir y decirles “ole!” Entonces incluso el flamenco tradicional valora cosas diferentes. Por eso es muy injusto decir que personas con capacidades diferentes no puedan hacer el flamenco.

Con que frequencia Flamenco Inclusivo solia ofrecer clases o talleres antes de la cuarentena? Has empezado ahora a ofrecer clases virtuales? Y, si la respuesta es “sí”, como ha funcionado eso?

Además de la compañía, he creado una asociación para la enseñanza del flamenco, porque no hay academias para personas con discapacidades quienes quieren hacerlo. Antes de la cuarentena, la asociación daba diferentes clases de flamenco para personas diferentes. Hubo un grupo con discapacidades físicas, otro con discapacidades intelectuales, otro de personas ciegas. Incluso yo iba a la cárcel a darles clases a personas allí con enfermedades mentales. Estas clases son separadas según la discapacidad, pero de vez en cuando junto las clases, y las junto cuando hay alguna actuación. Es muy interesante la dinámica grupal. Cuando trabajan juntas, se pueden aprender mucho las unas de las otras. Y también en las clases para gente con y sin discapacidad. No solamente hablando del flamenco, pero además de la parte personal—se ha creado como una familia. Eso es muy bonito.

Pero, ahora, con la cuarentena, es muy complicado. He dado clases online, pero es casi imposible para unas personas tomar estas clases. Es imposible por ejemplo con las personas ciegas. Es cierto que en esta “nueva realidad” no todas las personas se la han sufrido igual. Las personas con discapacidades han sufrido más. Para mis alumnas ciegas, quienes estan viviendo solas, el confinamiento ha sido un horror. Por ejemplo tengo una alumna de casi 80 años quien vive sola, y es casi ciega. Un día perdió las gafas, y llevó 5 días buscandolas. Este no tiene nada que ver con el flamenco, pero yo tengo que estar allí como apoyo. Estaba hablando con ella todos los dias por el celular, tratando de darle apoyo, etc.

Entonces, estamos aprendiendo a relativizar los problemas. Por ejemplo. una chica en silla de ruedas se puede quejar porque no hay fácil acceso a unos lugares, o porque es difícil hacer cosas en la silla. Pero si de repente conoce a alguien de su misma edad pero completamente ciego—puede decir, “pero eso es peor!” Ante la adversidad lo único que nos queda es crecernos.

Al final, el baile y el teatro y la enseñanza de estas artes deben ser presenciadas y experienciadas. Por eso, ojalá que regresamos pronto a las clases físicas.

¿Cual ha sido lo más fácil de trabajar con bailarines(as) con capacidades diferentes? Lo más difícil?

Lo más fácil son la ilusión y las ganas de ellos. Lo más difícil son los ensayos y repeticiones para conseguir buenos resultados. Como cualquier bailarín.

Flamenco Inclusivo Photo by Ginette Lavell

Foto: Ginette Lavell

Hay suficientes lugares en España que tienen acceso fácil para bailarines en sillas de ruedas o con muletas? Y si no, que haces para asegurarte que tus bailarines tienen acceso?

La sociedad esta cambiando y mejorando. Pero sigo viendo problemas de adaptación. Hay teatros o espacios públicos donde la gente con discapacidades pueden entrar a ver un espectáculo, pero las personas actuando en el espectáculo no pueden entrar! En otras palabras, hay acceso fácil para el público, pero para los bailarines o actores, no. No hay escalones, no hay rampas para acceder al escenario.

No hay que enfadarnos, hay que conseguir de que eso cambie y mejore. Y va poco a poco. Hace unos días yo tuve una videollamada con una organización aquí en España. Hablabamos de las discapacidades en las artes escénicos. Yo hablaba de la danza, otra persona del teatro, otra del cine. Y poco a poco estamos cambiando la escena, visibilizando el arte inclusivo. Por ejemplo en el cine o el teatro, donde un carácter va en silla de ruedas, o con otro tipo de discapacidad, lo ideal sería que el actor que hace este papel fuera un actor con esta discapacidad. Lo ideal sería darle la oportunidad a trabajar a personas discapacitadas que estan formadas en el arte.

En que tipo de lugar suelen ustedes presentar sus obras?

En 2018, tuve la suerte de coreografiar un flashmob de flamenco en el Bienal de Flamenco aquí en Sevilla. Yo también escribí la canción y las letras. Fue el primer flashmob de flamenco integrado. Eso lo hicimos en la calle, en un festival, donde había miles de personas. Y para mucha gente, eso era la primera vez que vieron a personas con discapacidades bailando flamenco. Gracias al video este flashmob fue vista en todo el mundo, y me conocían a mi y a mi manera de entender el Flamenco Inclusivo como un flamenco para todos.

Por supuesto, hay muchas discapacidades que no se ven. Una persona sorda por ejemplo, o una persona ciega con gafas de sol. Es bonito porque a veces cuando hemos terminado un espectáculo y yo digo, pues esa persona era ciega, la gente esta sorprendida porque no se ha notado. Y cuando saben, valoran más el esfuerzo y el arte.

Sobre todo, he trabajado con personas con discapacidades en teatros y festivales. Pero en un tablao de flamenco, todavía no. Un tablao de flamenco es más tradicional. Y he tenido problemas con los empresarios de los tablaos, porque no quieren darles oportunidades a los bailarines con discapacidades. A veces, me dicen cosas feas. Dicen por ejemplo: “para que quiere que una chica discapacitada baile en un tablao.” Y yo les digo, “porque es una maravilla.” Y incluso les ofrezco bailar yo también con la chica, gratis, durante una semana, como experimento. O dicen que las bailaoras tienen que ser mujeres jovenes, “guapas.” (Es su concepto de la belleza por supuesto). Para mi, mis bailaoras son muy guapas, incluso siendo bajitas o gorditas. Tienen mucho arte, mucha gracia, incluso más que una mujer super delgada, alta, guapa. Esta es una barrera mental.

O me dicen que las personas extranjeras que vienen a un tablao para consumir flamenco no quieren ver a una chica con discapacidad. “Si ven algo así, nos van a pedir el dinero de la entrada. Van a pensar que es un engaño.” Yo les digo: “vamos a probarlo, porque yo creo lo contrario.” Especialmente porque muchas veces estos tablaos no son de calidad, y de hecho ellos engañan a los extranjeros ofreciendolos algo que no es bueno. Contratan a personas sin arte, pagandolas menos dinero, etc.

Yo creo que una persona extranjera a quien le gusta el flamenco, cuando vea a esta chica con discapacidad bailar, va a llorar de emoción, y de alegría. Y además esta persona puede decir: “Oye, si esta chica puede bailar flamenco, yo tambien puedo!” Cuando ves que una persona supera su barrera, también te entras en ganas de hacerlo. Es algo que se alimenta la inspiración.

Pero en los tablaos todavía no hemos trabajado.

En el baile flamenco tradicional, ¿han empezado otros coreografos o compañías de flamenco a trabajar con bailerines/as con capacidades diferentes?

Compañías de flamenco aún no. Pero sí, se ha despertado interés e iniciativas inclusivas en escuelas de flamenco a nivel internacional cuando han conocido mi trabajo. Les ha servido de inspiración. Voy a supervisar sus trabajos o a crear coreografías una vez al año, por ejemplo en Italia.

Hay alumnos tuyos quienes han trabajado como bailarines profesionales en otras situaciones, o en otras companias fuera del Flamenco Inclusivo?

No, porque mi compañía es la única compañía del flamenco integrado. Dentro de esta compañía tengo no solo bailarines, pero también músicos con discapacidades: por ejemplo cantaoras y percusionistas invidentes. En el flamenco a veces improvisamos. Y eso puede ser un problema para nosotros, porque, por ejemplo si yo de repente cambio el compás de 6 a 8, una cantaora invidente, quien ha memorizado el compás, no va a enterarse del cambio. En el flamenco tradicional, eso no ocurre porque las guitarristas y cantaores siguen el bailaor, sin hablar. Así que tener músicos invidentes puede cambiar la comunicación en el escenario. Yo puedo decir por ejemplo, “vamos alla!” para cambiar o marcar un tempo, o hacer alguna señal vocal. Entonces es un trabajo de cooperación entre los compañeros, y todo es nuevo para nosotros en la escena.

Por eso, para nosotros, la memorización es muy importante—más que en el flamenco tradicional. Además, mis alumnos en silla de ruedas llevan poquito tiempo aprendiendo, y llevan los bailes muy memorizados. No es por la discapacidad, es por la falta de experiencia. Al final yo creo que para nosotros, hay incluso más compañerismo que en el flamenco tradicional, por, entre otras cosas, la manera en que tenemos que trabajar juntos.

¿Cómo ves el futuro de tu trabajo? ¿Y cómo quisieras que sea?

Pienso que se va a extender mucho más mi trabajo de flamenco inclusivo por el resto del mundo o como mínimo a concienciar que el baile flamenco pueden bailarlo las personas con capacidades diferentes. Me gustaría que en el futuro fuera embajador del flamenco inclusivo y que contaran con mi presencia para que este arte pueda beneficiarse de la diversidad de los cuerpos no normativos. Y que la diferencia sea un valor añadido, no un obstáculo.

Flamenco Inclusivo Photo by Klaus Handner

Foto: Klaus Handner

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Para obtener más información, visite www.josegalan.net

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Of Butoh, Bogotá and the Brain https://stanceondance.com/2020/02/17/of-butoh-bogota-and-the-brain/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=of-butoh-bogota-and-the-brain https://stanceondance.com/2020/02/17/of-butoh-bogota-and-the-brain/#comments Mon, 17 Feb 2020 17:13:14 +0000 http://stanceondance.com/?p=8654 Brenda Polo, a butoh dancer and the director of Manusdea Antropología Escénica in Bogotá, Colombia, shares how butoh can address the violence in Colombia, as well as her research linking butoh, neuroscience and somatics.

The post Of Butoh, Bogotá and the Brain appeared first on Stance on Dance.

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An Interview with Brenda Polo

BY LORIEN HOUSE AND EMMALY WIEDERHOLT

Brenda Polo is a butoh dancer as well as the director and choreographer at Manusdea Antropología Escénica in Bogotá, Colombia. Here, she shares why butoh as a dance form is uniquely equipped to represent the lived experience of the conflict and violence in Colombia. She also describes Manusdea Antropología Escénica’s research into the link between butoh, neuroscience and somatics.

PARA LEER ESTA ENTREVISTA EN ESPAÑOL, ¡POR FAVOR MIREN HACIA ABAJO!

Brenda Polo in “Efecto Mariposa”, Photo by Ernesto Monsalve

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Please tell us a little bit about your own history with butoh, and/or with dance in general. What influenced who you are today as a choreographer, dancer and artist?

First of all, many thanks for opening up Stance on Dance to this conversation, and for the opportunity to share my butoh journey with you. Also, for the opportunity to express my gratitude for my teacher Kō Murobushi*, the person who started me on this journey, and with whom I studied and created for five intense years. This intensity allowed us to develop projects that investigated butoh in a rigorous and interdisciplinary manner.

I started with Kō Murobushi in 2009, when he came to Bogotá. From the first moment, we discovered that we had interests in common—we wanted to develop butoh in a Latin American context, and specifically as it relates to Colombia. In Colombia, we’ve suffered, and still suffer, an armed conflict that is one of the longest in history. We’ve had it up to here with this violence that doesn’t end, and with the fact that our society hasn’t been able to find a peaceful solution, or even a path toward resolving this conflict. Butoh arrived in Colombia in a very timely and pertinent manner, given this social and historical context, because it is a dance of resistance and resilience. It’s a dance that allows us to reconstruct ourselves, and to ask ourselves: “What can we do with these things we feel; how can we resolve them?”

In 2010, we held an intensive of 80 hours (five hours per day for a month) with Kō Murobushi to make the first documentary on this theme. It’s called “El Poder Oculto de la Memoria” (The Hidden Power of Memory). With Kō as international teacher and invited choreographer, and with other artists from the national scene, we began to try to understand the armed conflict in Colombia from the point of view of dance.

How do you think butoh, as dance, as art, can help people confront the violence in Colombia?

Butoh began in a post-war context, specifically just after the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II (1945). In Hiroshima and Nagasaki, bodies were vaporized. Nuclear radiation destroyed the environment, destroyed living things. The survivors were deeply traumatized, physically and emotionally. It was the first time in history that humanity had faced something so destructive.

Here, in Colombia, we’ve lived through extremely violent conflicts that have touched or impacted every Colombian, in many ways. In fact, every day we see the effects of these decades-long conflicts—for land, for natural resources, from narcotraffic, and from a government that sponsors and supports the paramilitaries. There are so many factors that have influenced this war. It’s incredibly complicated and not easy to unravel. Also, it’s 50 years old. Most of us have lived all our lives with this. We’ve grown up with this violence, we’ve been marked by all the stories, scars and occurrences of a conflict that wakes us up daily with bombs, massacres, and environmental and sociocultural impacts.

So, in order to survive, we have to forget this exists, if we can. In order to keep on dreaming, to keep on living, and to resist, we have to forget it. But, we get to a point where we start to ask ourselves: “How long am I going to continue telling myself nothing’s happening? How long am I going to continue denying this reality?” And that’s the point where we, the dancers, are starting to say, “No more. We can fight this situation by dancing, believe it or not. We can do that.”

We start with ourselves, with an internal change, by recognizing our internal conflicts and starting there with butoh. In butoh, we let these memories that have marked us all begin to come out before our eyes. We exhume these memories—of the dead, of the mutilated, of those families who had to leave everything, their lands, their homes, in order to escape persecution, in order to survive. A lot of them come to Bogotá, and they find they can’t survive here either. There’s no work; there are many people here already with no work and no homes. Many are Indigenous or Black (Afro-Colombians), who’ve had all their rights trampled, and come to the city in order to survive.

This trauma is so fresh, like an open wound, and so complicated. Butoh is a magnificent way to show people how to look inside, how to heal, how to resolve this internal conflict, these memories, and liberate them. Butoh is a collective catharsis, assumed by each individual, like it was in Japan.

And the healing is through participating in butoh, or also by seeing it in performance?

Both. But, especially for those who practice butoh, they’re provoking a catharsis that liberates these memories, allows them to recognize what’s going on inside. And to reconcile mind and body, which are really not separate, although many people think they are. In fact, that idea, of separation, has resulted in a very schizophrenic society, which is exactly what we have today. But for people who’ve suffered trauma, this separation—really a kind of shutting off—is a way to avoid more trauma. Butoh allows us to confront the trauma without having to go to the psychiatrist or to wear a straitjacket! It’s a powerful, curative act of “re-existence”.

How would you describe your art to someone who doesn’t know anything about it?

I think my work is best analyzed as that of a researcher in the field of theatrical anthropology. My studies are comparable to dances—traditional as well as contemporary, like butoh. For more than 20 years, I’ve dedicated myself to this investigation, and to creation, using something very specific—the study of dream patterns. If someone who doesn’t know my work asks: “Where’d you get that idea? Where’d that choreography come from?” I tell them that I base a lot of it on dreams. That’s very organic, vital material. I use the images that come to me at night, those which come from a collective memory, not the dreams that are individual or personal. It’s the collective unconscious—Carl Jung’s nomenclature—that I’m after. Jung talks about this collective unconscious as the “museum of human memory.” It crosses all borders and doesn’t depend on national or cultural differences. With this material I make my works, and from there come the choreographic images, the movements, the rhythms, the intentions.

For example, with Jung’s idea of archetypes, even if the audience doesn’t know where the work comes from, they recognize the archetypes because the images resonate unconsciously. At least they get a clearer idea of what’s going on. I like to plant the scene in the unconscious of the dancer, as well as that of the audience, and from there s/he begins to discover these ideas for her/himself. Of course, for some people, it’s easier to enter than others. But even for those who don’t have any idea about archetypes, when they see the work, something resonates, because these patterns are inherent to the human being.

This is my research, my work. This is how I’ve developed my art, and how I keep developing.

Brenda Polo in “Desco No cido”, Photo by Michelle Blase

How would you describe the dance scene in Bogotá, and how does your company, Manusdea Antropología Escénica, with its interdisciplinary focus, operate within or outside of this scene?

In Bogotá, we have a very vital and interesting dance scene. However, of course, it’s very difficult here, because of what I already discussed—the context we find ourselves in. We constantly confront this war, which never resolves, which never gives us a moment of “peace.” So, we live in limbo. Within this context, we as dancers are engaged in a lot of resistance. On our own, we’re investigating and have pushed investigations into how this violence affects the body, and how it has affected people over the course of 50 years.

A lot of people are now approaching dance from a therapeutic point of view. There are many, many people to heal. Now we have the possibility of somatic work, somatic healing. We, as artists, have assumed the responsibility to respond to the conflict as part of our work. We’ve seen progress with implementing more research and laboratories and discussions that include dance at a national and international level. Using the concepts of dance, we’ve formed part of a larger, interdisciplinary dialogue. Now we’re not talking simply about dance as something isolated. In our case specifically, we’re working with butoh, neuroscience and somatics. We’re developing a wider, interdisciplinary panorama, within which art and science knowledge bases can dialogue, and within which we can know ourselves, and help others to know themselves better.

So, yes, it’s a very auspicious scene in Bogotá, but very hard. That’s why I consider being a dancer in my country an intrepid act. We do it with passion and commitment, despite the difficulties and the context in which we live. We do it well. But we need more support from the public sector, not just the private, in order to continue to deepen this work.

Are there other butoh artists or companies in Bogotá?

Of course. We’re fortunate to have a wonderful harvest left to us by the master Kō Murobushi during his five years of working hand in hand with us. I can say that the seed he left fell on fertile ground. Butoh has prospered here. Generations of dancers, from 2010 on, entered into and deepened the study of butoh with Kō. And butoh hasn’t only influenced dancers here. It’s also influenced the plastic arts, and the way anthropologists, philosophers and sociologists think about and present their studies in the universities. Many disciplines are communicating with each other through this dance/art genre. And of course, there are many dancers and dance companies who’ve been touched by this art, either by direct experience with Kō Murobushi, or through the laboratories that Manusdea has been developing during this past decade.

Manusdea Antropología Escénica recently completed a laboratory of investigation and creation on the theme of “Butoh, Neuroscience and Somatics.” Could you share more about this laboratory?

The laboratory actually started in 2014 when we met with Kō, the neuroscientist Roberto Amador, the theoretical physicist José Jairo Giraldo, the philosophers Consuelo Pabón and Ricardo Toledo, the plastic artist Juan Fernando Polo, and with many victims of the armed conflict (men and women from different regions of the country). We were given an appointment in the Center for Memory, Peace and Reconciliation under the auspices of the 2014 Forum for Peace. We all sat down to talk about “What is peace?” Specifically, peace in the body, in the mind, what does it mean for us, who’ve been touched so directly by the conflict here?

With the results from that lab, we—my colleagues Maria Cristina Tavera and Fernando Polo, and I—received a grant: “Bogotá Diversa” (Diverse Bogotá). In 2017, we held a 57-hour intensive laboratory to explore somatics and butoh with a group of people with different physical, sensorial, and mental capacities. The project was titled: “Las Metamorfosis, un camino de encuentros diversos” (The Metamorphoses, a path of diverse encounters).

With that background, I received another grant, this time from Colombia’s Minister of Culture, to go to New York to continue the investigation into creating butoh works. In 2019, I traveled to New York to work with Vangeline and the New York Butoh Institute on these themes—neuroscience and butoh. We held sessions in which, while I danced, my brain waves were observed and analyzed. I also performed my own choreography in the New York Butoh Fest.

During this residency, I created a work I call “Black Hole.” A black hole is a region in space where the gravitational field is so strong that it traps everything, even light. This metaphor illustrates very well the artistic concept of the work: to express the situation of victims of armed conflicts, not only in Colombia, but on our whole planet. Because armed conflict, war, is something that is affecting an enormous part of the world’s population right now. Without losing the idea of Jung’s archetypes, which are characteristic to the unconscious of every human being in every region, these wars are based on the domination of the masses through fear, by constructing, through media, fictitious realities to subdue this collective unconscious. For example, after the attack on the twin towers in New York, the U.S. subsequently invaded Iraq.

From the somatic point of view, we can see that people who’ve been touched by violence, by trauma, fall into a kind of black hole that swallows their lives. They drown in it. We have to build bridges to reach them, to extract them from it. We dance in order to understand that we’re capable of rising up from any emotional state we find ourselves in, no matter how hard it is. We dance in order to face the “darkness of the flesh” and to find the light inside of us. For that, butoh is extremely relevant. It’s the dance of darkness.

Our work with butoh is a long endeavor, one that’s still going on. There are chapters. The investigation of butoh and neuroscience is one of those chapters.Because a mind that dances, evolves.”

What’s next for Manusdea Antropología Escénica, or for you?

Very soon we’re going to perform “Black Hole” in Bogotá. We’re going to continue with the laboratories on butoh, neuroscience and somatics. We’re convinced that art and science are two branches of the same tree, which complement each other magnificently. I’ve had the great fortune to work with scientists who love art, like Dr. Amador and Dr. Giraldo, who understand that art is “the other face of the mind.” Rodolfo Llinás, a Colombian neuroscientist who works at NYU expressed it that way. He wrote a book called “The Brain and the Myth of I, the role of neurons in human thought and behavior.In it, he talks about the dance of neurons as a sort of ballet. So, maybe our neurons are dancing around like Nijinsky in “L’Apres-midi de un faun.”

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To learn more, visit www.manusdea.org.

*Kō Murobushi (1947-2015) butoh master, from the lineage of master Tatsumi Hijikata

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ESPAÑOL:

Butoh, Bogotá y el Cerebro

Entrevista con Brenda Polo

De LORIEN HOUSE y EMMALY WIEDERHOLT

Brenda Polo es una artista de butoh, directora y coreógrafa de Manusdea Antropología Escénica, en Bogotá, Colombia. En esta entrevista, ella comparte sus ideas sobre el butoh y porqué es un arte muy pertinente y poderoso para representar las experiencias vividas del conflicto y la violencia en Colombia. También describe las investigaciones que Manusdea Antropología Escénica está realizando sobre el vínculo entre el butoh, la neurociencia y lo somático.

Laboratorio de Butoh “Las Metamorfosis”, dirige Brenda Polo, Foto: Ernesto Monsalve

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Por favor, cuéntenos un poco sobre su propia historia con el butoh, y/o el baile en general. ¿Qué ha influenciado o formado lo que usted es hoy como coreógrafa, bailarina y artista?

Primero, muchas gracias por la oportunidad de realizar este intercambio de ideas y poder compartir con ustedes esta trayectoria. También para expresar la gratitud por mi maestro Ko Murobushi*, quien es la persona que me inició en el camino del butoh. Con Ko, realicé el trabajo de investigación-creación a lo largo de cinco años consecutivos, con una intensidad que nos permitió desarrollar proyectos de investigación de manera rigurosa e interdisciplinaria en el campo de la danza.

Inicié con Ko Murobushi en el 2009. Siendo nuestro primer encuentro en Bogotá.   En ese primer momento descubrimos que teníamos intereses mutuos por desarrollar, en Colombia específicamente, el butoh en un contexto latinoamericano. En Colombia, por ejemplo, hemos vivido un conflicto armado que es uno de los más largos en la historia. Nosotros estamos hasta el colmo de esta violencia que no termina, no hemos encontrado soluciones pacíficas como sociedad, tampoco hemos logrado un acuerdo, un camino para resolver entre nosotros mismos este conflicto. El butoh llegó de manera pertinente a nuestro contexto histórico y social, precisamente porque es una danza de resistencia y resiliencia. Es una danza que nos permite reconstruirnos  y de preguntarnos a nosotros mismos: ¿Qué podemos hacer con esto que estamos sintiendo, cómo podemos resolverlo?

Entonces, en el 2010, iniciamos un intensivo de 80 horas (cinco horas diarias por un mes) con Ko Murobushi para realizar el primer documental que hicimos sobre este tema, que se llama “El Poder Oculto de la Memoria.”  Ko fue el maestro y coreógrafo invitado internacional, al igual que otros artistas nacionales, intentábamos comprender este conflicto armado en Colombia, desde la perspectiva de la danza.

Y ¿cómo puede el butoh, como danza, como arte, ayudar a la gente a enfrentar esta violencia en Colombia?

Bueno recordemos que el butoh surgió en un contexto de posguerra, específicamente después de los ataques de las bombas atómicas en Hiroshima y Nagasaki en la segunda guerra mundial (1945). Los cuerpos fueron atomizados. La radiación nuclear arrasó todo el medio ambiente, arrasó los seres vivos. Los sobrevivientes fueron  traumatizados profundamente—físicamente y emocionalmente. Era la primera vez en la historia que la humanidad había enfrentado algo tan destructivo.

Aquí en Colombia, nosotros hemos vivido un conflicto supremamente violento que ha tocado o impactado a cada colombiano, de múltiples maneras. De hecho, vemos a diario los efectos de estos conflictos—por la tenencia de la tierra, por los recursos naturales, por el narcotráfico, por el gobierno que auspició los paramilitares. Son tantos los factores que han influido en el conflicto, que es muy complejo. No es fácil desenredarlo. Además, lleva más de 50 años.  La mayoría de nosotros hemos pasado todas nuestras vidas en esto. Hemos crecido durante esta violencia, hemos estado marcados por todas las historias, cicatrices y sucesos de un conflicto que nos despierta a diario con bombas, masacres e impacto ambiental y sociocultural.

Entonces, para poder sobrevivir, tenemos que olvidar que esto existe. Para poder seguir soñando, para poder seguir viviendo y para resistir, tenemos que olvidarlo. Pero, llega un punto en que nos empezamos a preguntar: ¿hasta cuándo voy a continuar diciéndome que aquí no pasa nada? ¿Hasta cuándo voy a seguir negando esta realidad? Y es allí cuando nosotros los bailarines empezamos a decir: “no más.” Podríamos combatir esta realidad danzando, aunque no lo creas. Pero sí. Podemos. Empezamos primero con nosotros, haciendo un cambio interno. Reconociendo nuestro propio conflicto interior, y empezando desde allí con la danza butoh. Dejando que esas memorias, que han marcado toda nuestra vida, empiecen a surgir ante nuestros ojos. Exhumando esos recuerdos: de los muertos y mutilados, de las familias que han tenido que abandonarlo todo—sus tierras, sus casas—para sobrevivir.  Muchos de ellos llegan a Bogotá y encuentran que es muy duro también sobrevivir aquí, porque no hay trabajo. Hay una sobrepoblación de gente sin trabajo, sin hogares, Indígenas y frodescendientes que tienen los derechos humanos atropellados y llegan a la ciudad para poder sobrevivir.

Para este trauma tan vivo, tan complicado,  el butoh es una manera magnífica para introducir a estas personas: en la mirada interior, cómo puedes sanar, cómo puedes resolver este conflicto en ti, esta memoria y liberarlo. La danza Butoh es una catarsis colectiva asumida por cada individuo, como lo fue en Japón.

¿Y esta sanación es por medio de la práctica butoh, o también al verlo como performance?

Ambas cosas. Especialmente para el que lo practica, se libera a sí mismo haciendo esta catarsis, haciendo este reconocimiento de sus memorias. Es una reconciliación entre la mente y el cuerpo. Porque muchas veces pensamos que son separados  y esta división ha resultado en una sociedad esquizofrénica—es la sociedad que tenemos. Esta separación es una forma de eludir el trauma. Esta danza nos permite confrontarnos, sin tener que acudir al psiquiatra— o ¡ponernos una camisa de fuerza! Es un acto muy poderoso y curativo de Re_existencia.

¿Cómo describiría usted su arte a alguien que no lo conoce?

Yo creo que mi quehacer puede ser analizado desde el punto de vista de un investigador que trabaja en el campo de la antropología escénica y los estudios comparados de las danzas, tanto tradicionales como contemporáneas, como el butoh. Hace más de 20 años me dediqué al campo de investigación-creación dentro de otro marco muy específico: —el estudio de los patrones oníricos. Si la gente que no conoce mi trabajo, dice: “¿De dónde saca usted esta obra, de donde le sale esta coreografía?” Pues les comparto que me baso en los sueños porque es una materia orgánica, muy vital. Uso las imágenes que me llegan en la noche que surgen de una memoria que es colectiva, no hablo de los sueños que son personales del individuo y que tienen un aspecto más particular. Me refiero al inconsciente colectivo, como lo llamó Carl Jung por ejemplo. Él menciona el inconsciente colectivo como el museo de la memoria del ser humano. Atraviesa todas las fronteras, nos quita las diferencias de la nacionalidad. Con ese material, construyo las obras, y de allí, surgen las imágenes coreográficas, los movimientos, los ritmos, las intenciones.

Por ejemplo: los arquetipos de Carl Jung. Incluso si nadie conoce de qué va la obra, de pronto reconoce el arquetipo o patrón, porque inconscientemente le resuena. Por lo menos, puede tener una idea más clara.  Me gusta montar la escena tanto en el inconsciente del bailarín como en el espectador. Él (la) va descubriendo por sí mismo estas ideas. Para algunos es más fácil y directo, incluso así no tengan ni idea del arquetipo, pero con el solo hecho de verlo, lo identifican como algo que les resuena porque es inherente al ser humano.

De esto se trata mi investigación y la carrera que he desarrollado.

“Chaturanga Hamlet”, dirección y coreografía Brenda Polo, Foto: Ernesto Monsalve

¿Cómo describiría usted el escenario de la danza en Bogotá, y cómo funciona Manusdea Antropología Escénica, y su  enfoque antropológico/interdisciplinario, dentro, o fuera, de este escena?

En Bogotá tenemos un movimiento muy vivo e interesante de la danza. Sin embargo, el escenario es bien difícil, por el contexto en que nos encontramos, como te explicaba. Enfrentamos un conflicto que no cesa, sin ningún momento de “paz.” Entonces—vivimos en un limbo. Nosotros, los bailarines, dentro de este contexto, estamos haciendo la resistencia. Hemos impulsado por cuenta propia más investigaciones sobre el cuerpo y la violencia ejercida sobre él durante más de 50 años.

Y por lo tanto la gente aquí está aproximándose a la danza de forma terapéutica. Hay muchas, muchas personas que sanar. Y tenemos ahora esta posibilidad somática. Nosotros, los artistas, hemos asumido la responsabilidad de dar respuesta a estos momentos que nosotros estamos viviendo, desde nuestro quehacer. Hemos visto cómo progresamos implementando más congresos de investigación para la danza y más discusiones a nivel nacional e internacional. Hemos extendido los conceptos al formar parte de un dialogo más amplio en el campo interdisciplinario. Ya no solo hablamos de la danza. En nuestro caso específico, abordamos el butoh, la neurociencia y la somática. Estamos desarrollando un panorama interdisciplinario donde hay un dialogo de saberes entre el arte y la ciencia, que nos van a permitir conocernos como individuos y que el individuo se conozca mejor a sí mismo.

Entonces, sí. Es una escena muy propicia en Bogotá, también muy difícil. Por lo que considero que ser bailarín en mi país es un acto intrépido. Lo hacemos con pasión y compromiso, a pesar de las dificultades y el contexto en que nos encontramos,  lo estamos haciendo bien, pero es necesario más apoyo tanto del sector público como del privado para  dar profundidad y continuidad a la investigación-creación.

¿Hay otros artistas u otras compañías del butoh en Bogotá?

Claro que sí. Tenemos la afortunada cosecha que ha dejado el maestro Ko Murobushi durante cinco años consecutivos trabajando con nosotros. Puedo decir que la semilla ha caído en tierra buena. El butoh ha prosperado surgiendo generaciones de bailarines que, a partir del 2010, profundizaron con el maestro Ko en el butoh. Y no solamente bailarines, han participado también artistas plásticos, antropólogos, filósofos y sociólogos entre otros. Hay muchas disciplinas que se están comunicando a través de este género dancístico. De hecho, el butoh ha influido a las artes plásticas aquí en Bogotá y la forma de presentar tesis en las universidades, también a los filósofos, a los antropólogos, etc. Y, desde luego, a los bailarines. Hay varias compañías y bailarines que han sido tocadas, o por la experiencia directa con el maestro Ko Murobushi, o por los laboratorios butoh que Manusdea ha venido desarrollando durante esta década.

Manusdea Antropología Escénica acaba de realizar un “Laboratorio de Investigación-Creación” llamada “BUTOH-NEUROCIENCIA Y SOMÁTICA.” Por favor, ¿podría contarnos más sobre este laboratorio?

De hecho, este laboratorio empezó en el año 2014, cuando realizamos uno de los encuentros con el maestro Ko, el neurocientífico Roberto Amador, el físico teórico José Jairo Giraldo, la filósofa Consuelo Pabón, el filósofo Ricardo Toledo y el artista plástico Juan Fernando Polo, también participaron las víctimas directas del conflicto armado(hombres y mujeres de diferentes regiones del país). Nos dimos cita en el Centro de Memoria, Paz y Reconciliación, en el marco del Foro por la Paz (2014). Nos sentamos a dialogar sobre “¿Qué es la paz?” pero específicamente la paz en el cuerpo, en la mente, qué significaría para nosotros, quienes hemos sido tocados de una manera u otra por el conflicto.

Entonces, con los resultados de este laboratorio, en el 2017, conseguimos una beca de investigación “Bogotá Diversa” con mi colega María Cristina Tavera y mi colega Fernando Polo. Hicimos un laboratorio de 57 horas, para ampliar el concepto de lo somático y la danza butoh, con un grupo (mixto) de personas con y sin diversidad sensorial, cognitiva o física. Proyecto titulado: “Las Metamorfosis, un camino de encuentros diversos”.

A raíz de estos antecedentes, recibí otra beca, del Ministerio de Cultura de Colombia, para continuar esta investigación-creación (2019) para viajar a Nueva York, al Instituto de Butoh de New York con Vangeline, y realizar un intercambio con ella sobre el tema—la neurociencia y el butoh. Hicimos sesiones personalizadas para observar las ondas cerebrales mientras yo danzaba, también participé en el New York Butoh Fest, con una coreografía de mi autoría.

Durante esta residencia, diseñé la obra de butoh que titulé “Black Hole” (Agujero Negro) es una zona en el espacio donde el campo gravitacional es tan fuerte que impide incluso que la luz escape de él. Esta metáfora ilustra muy bien el concepto artístico que quiero plasmar en la pieza coreográfica, exponiendo la situación de las personas que son víctimas del conflicto armado, no sólo en Colombia, sino en el planeta tierra ya que es un fenómeno de sucesos que afecta a gran parte de la población mundial en distintos territorios. Sin perder de vista que los patrones arquetípicos son características propias del ser humano en todas las geografías, estas guerras se basan en el dominio de las masas por medio del miedo, construyendo realidades ficticias para someter el inconsciente colectivo a través de los medios mediáticos, recordemos el famoso ataque a las torres gemelas y la posterior invasión a Irak. Y, desde lo somático, observamos que las personas que han sido tocadas por alguna violencia o trauma, caen en un agujero negro que se les traga la vida. Se hunden en él y hay que tenderles puentes para extraerlos de allí. Danzamos para tomar conciencia de que somos capaces de levantarnos de cualquier estado emocional en que nos encontremos por duro que sea. Danzamos para enfrentar “la oscuridad de la carne”, para poder encontrar la luz de nuestro ser interior. Por eso, el butoh es pertinente porque es la danza de la oscuridad.

Bueno, nuestra investigación en el butoh es larga. Tiene capítulos  y la investigación del butoh con la neurociencia es uno de los capítulos, “Porque un cerebro que danza Re_evoluciona”.

¿Qué seguirá para Manusdea Antropología Escénica, y/o para usted?

El proyecto “Black Hole,” que fue creado en Nueva York en octubre/noviembre de 2019, es la obra que muy pronto vamos a poner al alcance del público. Y desde luego vamos a continuar profundizando en los laboratorios sobre el butoh, la neurociencia y la somática. Estamos convencidos que el arte y la ciencia son dos ramas del mismo árbol que se complementan de una manera magnífica. Y he tenido la fortuna de trabajar con científicos como el Dr. Roberto Amador (neurocientífico) y Dr. Jairo Giraldo (físico teórico) que aman el arte, que se interesan por comprender que el arte, porque saben que es “la otra cara del cerebro.” Así lo expresó Rodolfo Llinás, neurocientífico Colombiano que trabaja en NYU. Él escribió un texto que se llama “El Cerebro y el Mito del Yo, el papel de las neuronas en el pensamiento y comportamiento humanos.” Allí menciona la danza de las neuronas en analogía al ballet las cuales se mueven tal vez como Nijinski en “L’Apres-midi d’un faune”.

Para obtener más información, visite www.manusdea.org.

*Ko Murobushi (1947-2015) es uno de los más reconocido bailarines butoh en la escena mundial, del linaje del maestro Tatsumi Hijikata.

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Assessing the Contexts of Professionalism https://stanceondance.com/2018/02/12/assessing-the-contexts-of-professionalism/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=assessing-the-contexts-of-professionalism Mon, 12 Feb 2018 19:30:57 +0000 http://stanceondance.com/?p=7086 LORIEN HOUSE is a dancer-turned-lawyer currently based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She shares the sense of insecurity she experienced pursuing dance professionally in comparison with her later career, and the fraught questions of validation and self-worth it accompanied. Her responses are part of a larger series dissecting what it means…

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LORIEN HOUSE is a dancer-turned-lawyer currently based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She shares the sense of insecurity she experienced pursuing dance professionally in comparison with her later career, and the fraught questions of validation and self-worth it accompanied. Her responses are part of a larger series dissecting what it means to be a professional dancer. To read other perspectives on the topic, click here.

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Would you call yourself a professional dancer?

Not now. I would call myself a former professional dancer.

What does your current regular dance practice look like?

My current dance practice is pretty minimal. I quit dancing almost 20 years ago, and, although I’ve always been and continue to be physically active, I haven’t danced or trained as a dancer since then. During that time, I went back to school, got my BA, then went to law school and became a lawyer. For a long time, I thought I had to reject my dancer self in order to fit some idea I had of being a lawyer. I tried to fill the hole left by the absence of dance with running, biking, etc. But while I enjoy those activities, they aren’t dance. They don’t fulfill the same need, at least not for me. Flash forward to a few months ago, I had a revelation—I didn’t need to banish dance from my life in the sort of extreme way I did. Dance is bigger than I thought it was, and, even if I’m no longer a professional, I’ll always be a dancer. I began renting rehearsal space at Maple Street Dance Space here in Albuquerque once a week to find out what I could still do. My “dancer self” of yore was very athletic and I was used to working in ways I can no longer work, so I’m struggling with that. But the payoff is that I’m allowing myself something I never really allowed before—the luxury of experimentation.

I’m also taking Alexander Technique teacher training, which is a huge mental and physical re-set. I want to teach it eventually, and in a more inclusive way, i.e. to people who can’t usually afford it. I also run, walk, bike, stretch. I do something physical every day. Being a lawyer is very sedentary, and that’s not the way I naturally deal with the world.

What do you believe is necessary for a dancer to call themselves professional? Is part of being a professional getting paid?

“Professional” was a very loaded word when I was dancing, and probably still is. First: Yes, getting paid is part of it. I would say that if you’ve never been paid to dance in any way shape or form, you’re probably not a pro. But money’s not the only part. I don’t believe that you have to make your living exclusively from dance income in order to call yourself a professional, because that’s an incredibly small pool of dancers. Even some of the Broadway dancers I knew had to wait tables or do temp work in offices between shows. Also, auditioning took up a lot of their time. That’s not something people often factor into the idea of “professional”—the fact that a lot of your jobs will be temporary.

Second, and more importantly, the word “professional,” and all its baggage, may not be all that helpful when applied to dance, or to any art. In this country, to make a sweeping generalization, art, especially dance, is not seen as a “serious” pursuit. So, for example, while most people with a law degree can probably get a fulltime job doing law, i.e., can make their living as a lawyer, most trained dancers cannot, even those who are incredibly gifted. I know it’s not a straightforward analogy, but I think it’s worthwhile making the comparison because it highlights the fact that “professional” is not a one-size-fits-all term.

To borrow from law, we can talk about “descriptive” versus “normative” terms or claims. A descriptive claim is a factual statement; it doesn’t contain a value judgment. A normative statement contains an inherent value judgment—it speaks to the way something “should” be. I think the danger with the word “professional” is that we think it’s used descriptively, when really it’s used normatively—to refer to a whole set of circumstances and attributes that the dancer or artist should have to be considered worthy. Thus, to be “unprofessional” in a normative context means more than just not getting paid all the time. It means that someone is unworthy of being taken seriously.

To expand that, the idea that “professional” is somehow a neutral term is flawed. Instead, it’s highly political—it essentially has to do with who is worthy to be seen and who isn’t. Often, the very struggle to become a “professional” can include the tacit obligation to keep quiet about a lot of things. For example, I remember an outcry over auditions for a Broadway show back in the 80s, some cowboy story, where the female dancers were to appear dressed as cows and be roped. A lot of dancers refused to audition for it on the grounds that it was sexist, but a lot didn’t. The show didn’t last long, but I believe it did open, with all the dancers it needed. Why? Because those dancers needed the work. They were professionals who didn’t have the luxury of complaining about the paycheck. So, the idea of professional can be a way of keeping out dissent. I think we have to be very careful about the normative baggage attached to the word.

I was fortunate enough to work with choreographers who believed in paying their dancers, but I rarely made enough to live on. I worked in restaurants or I did temp work to supplement my income. So, while I did consider myself professional, I always felt a certain embarrassment around the term, because in my dark moments I bought into the idea that “professional” meant making your living from dance. Again, most non-dancers I knew had that idea, and it was always hard to explain otherwise. For example, one man I knew, in response to the statement, “I’m a dancer” always replied, “So where do you waitress?” He thought it was funny. It wasn’t if you were on the receiving end, but it illustrates perfectly that idea most people have of “professional”—a kind of “either/or” notion.

On the opposite side of the coin, the highest paying jobs I ever had (film and TV work) actually required the least talent, time and effort, while the concert dance I did—much less well paid—required a lot more of all the above. So the well-paid work that most non-dancers would consider “professional” did not automatically equate with ability, skill or dedication.

Is there a certain amount of training involved in becoming a professional dancer?

Yes, although it can vary according to the dance you are doing. But to jump out of bed one day and call yourself a dancer—I don’t think that works very often. There are prodigies of course, and some kinds of dance are less physically demanding. And, as I mention below, street dancers don’t generally learn their craft in the hallowed halls of ballet class. But they do train. Basically, training keeps you healthy. You have to know how not to hurt yourself. Part of being professional is just that—how to not hurt yourself in a very demanding career. Also, the discipline of getting up and working on dance every day seems essential to be able to call yourself a dancer. You put yourself out there every day, trying things, and failing or succeeding. It’s not an abstract art.

Do you consider project-based work to be professional?

Yes, certainly. Broadway dancers are, essentially, doing project work, although they can often collect unemployment when the job ends. The only dancers who aren’t doing project work are those in the very few well-paid company positions. I’d be interested in the numbers, because that’s probably some minuscule fraction of all the dancers in the US.

Do you consider solo work to be professional?

Sure, it can be, but it may be a question of “I’ll know it when I see it.” I think the demands of solo performance would tend to weed out someone who wasn’t serious. But again, the word professional is not so useful in this context. For example, if I were to do a studio showing of some of the stuff I’m working on, I’m not sure I’d even want to think about whether I’m being professional or not at this point—because that question would squelch the experimental mindset I need right now. On the other side, if you’re doing an evening length work, or even smaller polished pieces, at some larger venue, that’s probably professional. So the answer is maybe.

Do you think the definition of a professional dancer is different than it was 25 or 50 years ago? If so, do you have any ideas why it might have changed?

I think it has changed. Dance is more inclusive now. I danced 20-30 years ago, and we had pretty rigid ideas, although even then the dance world was very big. All the late 1960s exploration—minimalists like Yvonne Ranier and venues like the Judson Church—was still active in my time, and there were newer choreographers doing extremely experimental stuff. But by the late 80s, a lot of experimental dance was being “professionalized,” by which I mean that choreographers felt less free to explore ideas that wouldn’t pan out. It was the Reagan era, “go go” capitalism, and “greed is good,” and all the fallout from that. New York City went from affordable in certain areas to prohibitively expensive in most. Choreographers had to appeal more to the deep pockets; they couldn’t just do their thing in their lofts. Deep pockets tended to want more “spectacles” and less stuff that would push buttons or make people uncomfortable. I’m speaking very generally, of course, and subjectively. But in my, admittedly myopic, experience, the 1980s represented a kind of turning away from experiment and towards a kind of “professionalism” which concentrated in technical proficiency and athleticism. So, while experimental and politically provocative stuff existed, it was largely in the margins. That was the context within which my ideas of “professional” were formed.

Now, dance is opening up to a lot of experiment again. It’s exciting. For example, I worked briefly with Heidi Latsky, a former Bill T. Jones dancer. At the time—the mid-90s—she was doing some pretty athletic stuff, modern dance, theatrical dance. Now she has a company of differently abled dancers. That expansion was probably in the back of people’s minds in my day, but no one I knew was doing it, or even questioning the paradigm of athleticism. So I do think there has been a wonderful opening up in what we think of as dance. Accordingly, there should be a corresponding shift in the notion of what is professional… if we need the term at all, and I’m not so sure we do.

Are there instances when people apply the term “professional” to a dancer or group of dancers when you feel it shouldn’t be applied?

If you’d asked me back in the day, I might have said that I’d seen some experimental stuff I didn’t consider professional. But if I think back to what I was objecting to, it was often that the experimental stuff eschewed dance technique, as I saw it then. And, as I said above, I did have a rigid idea of technique and professionalism. So, right now I don’t know.

Vice versa, are there instances when people don’t apply the term “professional” to a dancer or group of dancers when you feel it should be applied?

I’m not sure I’ve seen that. The truth is, I’m in the process of changing my own ideas about dance, so the term has grown a lot more nebulous for me.

How might your cultural perspective – where you live, where you’re from, what form of dance you practice – influence what you think of as professional?

Very heavily as you can probably tell. I come originally from the neighborhood ballet/jazz/tap school of dance where the only accepted trajectory was show dancing. Or ballet, but that was rarer; the ballet girls were a whole different breed. I went to New York thinking that dance was Broadway—A Chorus Line—and having no idea the level of competition I was getting myself into. Fortunately, I happened on a ballet class I loved where a lot of modern dancers studied, including dancers from Merce Cunningham, Twyla Tharp, Paul Taylor—the biggies, and then a lot of smaller companies (and those dancers were often as good as the big company dancers.) So I got interested in modern dance. I straddled those two worlds for a while. I liked the modern world more and felt more comfortable with the work, but my ideas about what was professional were very much limited to Broadway, show dancing or big companies.

Certainly, class and privilege colors my experience. On one hand, a lot of the modern dancers I knew came from a more upper-middle class, college-educated idea of dance than I did, so were more open to experimental forms. Some had the conservatory experience. I hadn’t had any of that, just the chain-smoking, false-eyelash wearing ballet teacher who taught in her basement. On the other side, I had the dance classes. I wasn’t learning on the street. When I first arrived in New York, breakdancing was big. I worked in a video with some breakdancers who had never studied dance “formally” because they’d never had access to classes. They’d developed their work on the street, or in clubs. And they were professionals.

What do you wish people wouldn’t assume about the dance profession?

Don’t assume it’s easy, and don’t assume a degree will automatically make you a professional—like a law or medical degree, or that there’s some test you take to become a pro. Don’t assume that dancers who work waiting tables or as temps aren’t professional.  Don’t assume it’s boring, or elitist, or irrelevant to your experience. Don’t assume “dance” is only one thing, either. It’s enormous, like music. Go out and see a lot of different kinds of dance before you make any assumptions about it at all.

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Lorien House Pro

Lorien House danced in New York and Nova Scotia during the late 1980s through the 1990s, performing with choreographers including Gina Gibney, Phil McAbee, Joanne Jansen, Errol Grimes, Meg Eginton, Christina Hamm, Denise Dalfo, and Diane Martel, as well as in the Latin Rhythms Dance Company; in venues which included Dance Theater Workshop, Lincoln Center Out of Doors, and the Joyce Theater. She danced in the Off-Broadway Play, “Funny Feet,” and her television and film credits include Bill Irwin’s segment from Alive from Off-Center, titled “As Seen on TV,” R.E.M’s “Stand” video, and the film “Bloodhounds of Broadway.” She studied ballet with Jocelyn Lorenz and Maggie Black, and jazz dance with the legendary Betsy Haug and Luigi. She presented her own solo work at the Halifax Fringe Festival, in the New Choreographers’ Showcase produced by Live Art Productions in Halifax, N.S., the fFIDA Festival in Toronto, Ontario, and in various New York City venues.

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People https://stanceondance.com/people/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=people Thu, 09 Jan 2014 01:48:49 +0000 http://stanceondance.com/?page_id=2746 Have a question, opinion or a stance on dance? Get in touch at Emmaly@StanceOnDance.com. Meet our director and editor: Emmaly Wiederholt is a dance artist and arts journalist based in Albuquerque, NM. She founded Stance on Dance in 2012. Emmaly earned her MA in Arts Journalism from the University of…

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Have a question, opinion or a stance on dance? Get in touch at Emmaly@StanceOnDance.com.

Meet our director and editor:

Emmaly Wiederholt is a dance artist and arts journalist based in Albuquerque, NM. She founded Stance on Dance in 2012. Emmaly earned her MA in Arts Journalism from the University of Southern California and her BFA in Ballet and BS in Political Science from the University of Utah. She further trained at the San Francisco Conservatory of Dance and performed extensively around the Bay Area. Her first book, Beauty is Experience: Dancing 50 and Beyond, was published in 2017, and her second book, Breadth of Bodies: Discussing Disability in Dance, was published in 2022. Emmaly is also a master DanceAbility instructor and facilitates movement groups at the UNM Hospital adult psychiatric ward, as well as is a founding member of the dance advocacy nonprofit ABQ Dance Connect. She continues to perform throughout the Southwest.

Emmaly Wiederholt staring upward with arms around face

Photo by Allen Winston

Our contributors have included:

Snowflake Arizmendi-Calvert, a performance artist and organizer in the Bay Area.

Gregory Bartning, a photographer in Portland, OR.

Liz Duran Boubion, the director of the Festival of Latin American Contemporary Choreographers in the Bay Area.

Liz Brent-Maldonado, an artist, writer, educator, and producer in San Francisco, CA.

Michelle Chaviano, a ballet dancer with Ballet North Texas.

Bradford Chin, a disabled dance artist and accessibility consultant in Chicago, IL, and San Francisco, CA.

Shebana Coelho, a writer and performer currently studying flamenco in Spain.

breana connor, an interdisciplinary artist, facilitator + healer in Albuquerque, NM.

Lauren Coons, an interdisciplinary artist, performer, healer and educator in Albuquerque, NM.

Julia Cost, a painter, textile designer, sewist, and dancer in Maui, HI.

Sophia Diehl, a dancer in New York City.

Bonnie Eissner, a writer in New York City.

Katie Flashner, a.k.a. The Girl with the Tree Tattoo, a World Champion ballroom dancer and author in ME.

Micaela Gardner, a dancer and choreographer in Baja, Mexico.

Sarah Groth, an interdisciplinary artist from Albuquerque, NM.

Cherie Hill, a dance educator and choreographer based in the Bay Area.

Lorie House, a dancer, choreographer, and lawyer in NM.

Silva Laukkanen, a dance educator and disability advocate in Austin, TX.

Mary Elizabeth Lenahan, the director of Dance Express in Fort Collins, CO.

Shannon Leypoldt, a dance artist, teacher, and sports massage therapist in Berlin.

Erin Malley, a dance artist and tango teacher based in West Michigan.

Julianna Massa, a dance artist in Albuquerque, NM.

Aiano Nakagawa, a dance artist, educator, facilitator, writer, and event producer in the Bay Area.

Jessie Nowak, a dance artist and filmmaker in Portland, OR.

Kevin O’Connor, a multidisciplinary artist in London, Ontario, and the San Francisco Bay Area.

Bhumi B Patel, an artist/activist based in the Bay Area.

Stephanie Potreck, a sports nutritionist and health advocate who currently resides in Germany.

Jill Randall, artistic director of Shawl-Anderson Dance Center in Berkeley, CA.

Kathryn Roszak, a choreographer, filmmaker, educator, and activist in the Bay Area.

Donna Schoenherr, director of Ballet4Life and Move into Wellbeing in London, UK.

Maggie Stack, a dancer and teacher in Reno, NV.

Camille Taft, a CO front range-based mover and visual artist.

Mary Trunk, a filmmaker, choreographer, and multimedia artist in Altadena, CA.

Diana Turner-Forte, a teaching artist, healing arts coach, and writer in NC.

Ana Vrbaski, a body music practitioner in Serbia.

Nikhita Winkler, a dancer, choreographer, and teacher from Namibia who currently resides in Spain.

Erica Pisarchuk Wilson, a dance artist, visual artist and poet in Albuquerque, NM.

Rebecca Zeh, an interdisciplinary artist in Sarasota Springs, NY.

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Our board:

Snowflake Arizmendi-Calvert

Cathy Intemann

Alana Isiguen

Courtney King

Malinda LaVelle

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